Figure 5

ZnO NPs induce DNA damage, apoptosis, and S-phase arrest in MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) Confocal microscopy images of DAPI staining, demonstrating nuclear morphological changes in MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with ½ IC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values of ZnO NPs for 24 h. (B) Apoptosis analysis was carried out via flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining in MDA-MB-231 cells following exposure to ½ IC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values of ZnO NPs for 24 h. (C) Cell cycle analysis was carried out by flow cytometry using PI staining of MDA-MB-231 after treatment with ½ IC₅₀ and IC₅₀ values of ZnO NPs for 24 h. All data were presented as mean ± SD and analyzed using one-way ANOVA (Turkey’s test); ****P-value signifies < 0.0001, ***P-value signifies < 0.001, **P-value signifies < 0.01, and *P-value signifies < 0.05.