Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to extracellular fluid excess status.

From: Extracellular fluid excess linked to reduced choroidal vascularity index in patients with chronic kidney disease

 

ECF excess status

p-value

Normal

Mild

Severe

N, %

123 (43.3)

90 (31.7)

71 (25)

 

Age, years

56.19 ± 14.59

65.51 ± 11.58†

66.51 ± 10.67‡

 < 0.001*

Sex, male, n (%)

87 (70.7)

43 (47.8)

37 (52.1)

0.001*

Smoking status, n (%)

   

0.007*

 Non

55 (44.7)

55 (61.1)

45 (63.4)

 

 Ex-smoker

46 (37.4)

30 (33.3)

22 (31.0)

 

 Smoker

22 (17.9)

5 (5.6)

4 (5.6)

 

BMI, kg/m2

26.21 ± 4.08

24.96 ± 4.04

24.13 ± 3.84‡

0.002*

HTN (n, %)

112 (91.1)

77 (85.6)

58 (81.7)

0.16

DM (n, %)

71 (57.7)

61 (67.8)

40 (56.3)

0.23

SBP, mmHg

126.04 ± 19.21

130.73 ± 17.74

137.69 ± 21.86‡

 < 0.001*

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

52.55 ± 22.30

43.97 ± 22.61†

32.26 ± 21.63‡§

 < 0.001*

LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL

92.91 ± 27.14

91.65 ± 31.04

99.00 ± 33.80

0.29

CRP, mg/dL

4.82 ± 13.79

1.85 ± 2.49

3.47 ± 8.92

0.13

CKD stage, n (%)

   

 < 0.001*

 1

0 (0)

0 (0)

6 (8.5)

 

 2

48 (39.0)

22 (24.4)

6 (8.5)

 

 3

49 (39.8)

31 (34.4)

17 (23.9)

 

 4

25 (20.3)

35 (38.9)

33 (46.5)

 

 5

1 (0.8)

2 (2.2)

9 (12.7)

 

HbA1c, mmol/mol

6.37 ± 1.05

6.40 ± 0.96

6.38 ± 1.09

0.97

DR grade, n (%)

   

0.09

 No DR

55 (77.5)

41 (67.2)

21 (52.5)

 

 NPDR

8 (11.3)

12 (19.7)

12 (30.0)

 

 PDR

8 (11.3)

8 (13.1)

7 (17.5)

 

ECW/TBW

0.377 ± 0.018

0.392 ± 0.004†

0.414 ± 0.051‡§

 < 0.001*

OCT parameters

CVI, %

66.75 ± 3.11

65.85 ± 2.78

64.37 ± 3.06‡§

 < 0.001*

Luminal area

177.93 ± 103.38

173.15 ± 106.83

141.59 ± 89.58

0.05

Stromal area

88.18 ± 49.67

89.01 ± 56.34

76.81 ± 46.67

0.25

SFCT, μm

277.03 ± 85.35

259.98 ± 87.91

228.24 ± 80.02‡

0.001*

  1. ECF, extracellular fluid; BMI, body mass index; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; SBP, systolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy; ECW/TBW, extracellular water to total body water ratio; OCT, optical coherence tomography; CVI, choroidal vascularity index; SFCT, subfoveal choroidal thickness.
  2. *p < 0.05 in ANOVA, †p < 0.05 between normal and mild group, ‡p < 0.05 between normal and severe group, §p < 0.05 between mild and severe group.
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