Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study and extra-validation datasets.
Study dataset | Extra-validation dataset | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Control | Casea | Total | Control | Casea | |
Number, N | 12,809 | 11,571 | 1238 | 2019 | 1966 | 32 |
Age | 62.5 (12.05) | 62.1 (12.15) | 66.0 (10.46) | 56.3 (11.94) | 56.2 (11.92) | 60.5 (12.11) |
Male sex, N (%) | 6530 (50.98) | 5859 (50.64) | 671 (54.20) | 1094 (54.19) | 1058 (53.81) | 36 (67.92) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.9 (3.75) | 24.9 (3.74) | 25.4 (3.78) | 25.2 (3.62) | 25.2 (3.64) | 24.5 (3.11) |
Systolic BP, mmHg | 124.1 (14.30) | 124.2 (14.24) | 123.4 (14.82) | 128.0 (13.36) | 128.0 (13.27) | 126.1 (16.30) |
Diastolic BP, mmHg | 75.7 (8.96) | 75.8 (8.91) | 74.3 (9.34) | 76.4 (8.54) | 76.4 (8.53) | 75.7 (9.13) |
Pulse rate, beats/min | 75.6 (10.62) | 75.9 (10.54) | 73.6 (11.13) | 79.9 (10.63) | 79.9 (10.59) | 78.7 (12.01) |
HbA1c, % | 6.9 (1.01) | 6.9 (1.00) | 6.9 (1.03) | 7.2 (1.09) | 7.2 (1.08) | 7.5 (1.09) |
Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 151.3 (46.35) | 151.6 (45.87) | 148.9 (50.49) | 146.7 (46.10) | 146.5 (46.21) | 155.9 (41.31) |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 160.7 (32.86) | 160.7 (32.42) | 160.4 (36.70) | 166.2 (32.09) | 165.9 (31.84) | 175.0 (39.65) |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 143.8 (69.12) | 143.3 (68.51) | 148.7 (74.47) | 147.2 (66.68) | 146.6 (66.35) | 169.5 (75.41) |
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 47.4 (12.37) | 47.6 (12.30) | 45.5 (12.83) | 46.4 (10.82) | 46.5 (10.83) | 42.7 (9.85) |
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 93.0 (26.84) | 92.9 (26.48) | 93.8 (29.93) | 94.6 (29.56) | 94.5 (29.47) | 99.5 (32.63) |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.9 (0.45) | 0.9 (0.44) | 0.9 (0.47) | 1.0 (0.54) | 1.0 (0.53) | 1.2 (0.78) |
AST, U/L | 26.7 (13.42) | 26.7 (13.55) | 26.9 (12.11) | 24.5 (8.36) | 24.5 (8.36) | 24.7 (8.38) |
ALT, U/L | 24.0 (13.62) | 23.9 (13.38) | 25.1 (15.66) | 25.5 (12.83) | 25.4 (12.77) | 27.0 (15.14) |
GGT, U/L | 39.5 (37.36) | 39.2 (37.41) | 41.9 (36.79) | 37.3 (30.38) | 37.2 (30.39) | 42.1 (29.68) |
ALP, U/L | 79.8 (25.50) | 80.1 (25.52) | 77.0 (25.20) | 165.8 (79.31) | 166.2 (79.17) | 152.2 (84.11) |
Co-morbid conditions | ||||||
Hypertension | 6995 (54.61) | 6188 (53.48) | 807 (65.19) | 894 (44.28) | 867 (44.10) | 27 (50.94) |
Dyslipidemia | 5435 (42.43) | 4748 (41.03) | 687 (55.49) | 790 (39.13) | 767 (39.01) | 23 (43.40) |
Macrovascular complications | ||||||
Cerebrovascular diseases | 1317 (10.28) | 1212 (10.47) | 105 (8.48) | 135 (6.69) | 130 (6.61) | 5 (9.43) |
Dementia | 207 (1.62) | 190 (1.64) | 17 (1.37) | 18 (0.89) | 18 (0.92) | 0 (0.00) |
Parkinson's disease | 96 (0.75) | 81 (0.70) | 15 (1.21) | 5 (0.25) | 4 (0.20) | 1 (1.89) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 150 (1.17) | 136 (1.18) | 14 (1.13) | 133 (6.59) | 125 (6.36) | 8 (15.09) |
Lower limb amputation | 3 (0.02) | 3 (0.03) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Microvascular complications | ||||||
Retinopathy | 191 (1.49) | 179 (1.55) | 12 (0.97) | 220 (10.90) | 215 (10.94) | 5 (9.43) |
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy | 247 (1.93) | 231 (2.00) | 16 (1.29) | 53 (2.63) | 53 (2.70) | N/A |
Chronic kidney disease | 356 (2.78) | 319 (2.76) | 37 (2.99) | 263 (13.03) | 252 (12.82) | 11 (20.75) |
Neuropathy | 706 (5.51) | 661 (5.71) | 45 (3.63) | 283 (14.02) | 270 (13.73) | N/A |
Cancer | 685 (5.35) | 649 (5.61) | 36 (2.91) | 103 (5.10) | 100 (5.09) | 3 (5.66) |
Medication use | ||||||
Diabetes mellitus | ||||||
Metformin | 4709 (36.76) | 4263 (36.84) | 446 (36.03) | 734 (36.35) | 719 (36.57) | 15 (28.30) |
Sulfonylurea | 2017 (15.75) | 1848 (15.97) | 169 (13.65) | 172 (8.52) | 168 (8.55) | 4 (7.55) |
DPP-4 inhibitor | 1713 (13.37) | 1540 (13.31) | 173 (13.97) | 64 (3.17) | 63 (3.20) | 1 (1.89) |
Meglitinide | 90 (0.70) | 86 (0.74) | 4 (0.32) | 34 (1.68) | 32 (1.63) | 2 (3.77) |
Thiazolidinedione | 190 (1.48) | 179 (1.55) | 11 (0.89) | 2 (0.10) | 2 (0.10) | N/A |
α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 105 (0.82) | 103 (0.89) | 2 (0.16) | 28 (1.39) | 28 (1.42) | N/A |
Insulin | 2017 (15.75) | 1848 (15.97) | 169 (13.65) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
GLP-1 receptor agonist | 3 (0.02) | 3 (0.03) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
SGLT2 inhibitor | 104 (0.81) | 86 (0.74) | 18 (1.45) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Hypertension | ||||||
Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 3391 (26.47) | 3036 (26.24) | 355 (28.68) | 92 (4.56) | 88 (4.48) | 4 (7.55) |
ACE inhibitor | 137 (1.07) | 118 (1.02) | 19 (1.53) | 19 (0.94) | 18 (0.92) | 1 (1.89) |
Calcium channel blocker | 3299 (25.76) | 2982 (25.77) | 317 (25.61) | 228 (11.29) | 224 (11.39) | 4 (7.55) |
Diuretics | 1486 (11.60) | 1348 (11.65) | 138 (11.15) | 41 (2.03) | 39 (1.98) | 2 (3.77) |
Beta blocker | 1120 (8.74) | 881 (7.61) | 239 (19.31) | 1 (0.05) | 1 (0.05) | N/A |
Dyslipidemia | ||||||
Statin | 4504 (35.16) | 3897 (33.68) | 607 (49.03) | 478 (23.68) | 463 (23.55) | 15 (28.30) |
Fibrate | 111 (0.87) | 105 (0.91) | 6 (0.48) | 52 (2.58) | 50 (2.54) | 2 (3.77) |
Ezetimibe | 231 (1.80) | 174 (1.50) | 57 (4.60) | 35 (1.73) | 34 (1.73) | 1 (1.89) |
Omega-3 | 173 (1.35) | 153 (1.32) | 20 (1.62) | 18 (0.89) | 18 (0.92) | N/A |
ETC dyslipidemiab | 6 (0.05) | 5 (0.04) | 1 (0.08) | 13 (0.64) | 13 (0.66) | N/A |
Antiplatelet | ||||||
Aspirin | 1756 (13.71) | 1564 (13.52) | 192 (15.51) | 288 (14.26) | 279 (14.19) | 9 (16.98) |
Clopidogrel | 1382 (10.79) | 1107 (9.57) | 275 (22.21) | 70 (3.47) | 67 (3.41) | 3 (5.66) |
Cilostazol | 796 (6.21) | 730 (6.31) | 66 (5.33) | 60 (2.97) | 58 (2.95) | 2 (3.77) |
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist | 19 (0.15) | 19 (0.16) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
ETC antiplateletb | 796 (6.21) | 687 (5.94) | 109 (8.80) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
