Table 1 Baseline characteristics of Participants.
Characteristic | Study Participants, N (%)/ Mean ± SD/ Median (Q1,Q3) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 1042) | No (n = 830) | Yes (n = 212) | P | |
Year, y | 0.262 | |||
2003–2004 | 94(9) | 74(9) | 20(9) | |
2005–2006 | 238(23) | 182(22) | 56(26) | |
2007–2008 | 338(32) | 266(32) | 72(34) | |
2009–2010 | 372(36) | 308(37) | 64(30) | |
Ba, ng/mL | − 4.61(− 5.21, − 3.92) | − 4.57(− 5.17, − 3.94) | − 4.74(− 5.57, − 3.84) | 0.058 |
Cd, ng/mL | − 5.7 ± 0.77 | − 5.68 ± 0.76 | − 5.79 ± 0.81 | 0.062 |
Co, ng/mL | − 5.77(− 6.16, − 5.38) | − 5.78(− 6.15, − 5.39) | − 5.72(− 6.16, − 5.28) | 0.255 |
Cs, ng/mL | − 3.09(− 3.45, − 2.75) | − 3.1(− 3.43, − 2.75) | − 3.06(− 3.5, − 2.72) | 0.976 |
Mo, ng/mL | − 0.76(− 1.17, − 0.33) | − 0.78(− 1.21, − 0.33) | − 0.67(− 1.09, − 0.36) | 0.221 |
Pb, ng/mL | − 5.11(− 5.51, − 4.67) | − 5.1(− 5.5, − 4.65) | − 5.16(− 5.56, − 4.67) | 0.427 |
Sb, ng/mL | − 7.41(− 7.72, − 6.93) | − 7.42(− 7.72, − 6.97) | − 7.3(− 7.76, − 6.68) | 0.012 |
Tl, ng/mL | − 6.59(− 6.95, − 6.2) | − 6.56(− 6.92, − 6.18) | − 6.71(− 7.1, − 6.31) | 0.001 |
Tu, ng/mL | − 7.1(− 7.58, − 6.57) | − 7.11(− 7.59, − 6.55) | − 7.01(− 7.55, − 6.65) | 0.503 |
Ur, ng/mL | − 9.54(− 10, − 8.92) | − 9.53(− 10, − 8.93) | − 9.56(− 10, − 8.64) | 0.657 |
Pt, ng/mL | − 9.53(− 10.04, − 8.83) | − 9.58(− 10.07, − 8.83) | − 9.41(− 9.81, − 8.84) | 0.029 |
Hg, ng/mL | − 5.52(− 6.11, − 4.9) | − 5.52(− 6.1, − 4.87) | − 5.53(− 6.14, − 4.94) | 0.968 |
As, ng/mL | − 2.42(− 2.96, − 1.74) | − 2.45(− 2.95, − 1.81) | − 2.36(− 3, − 1.56) | 0.224 |
UCr, (mg/min) | 101(62, 151) | 103(62, 154) | 87.5(60.75, 135) | 0.008 |
Age, y | 62(52, 71) | 62(52, 72) | 61(50, 69.25) | 0.23 |
Sex | 0.949 | |||
Male | 487(47) | 387(47) | 100(47) | |
Female | 555(53) | 443(53) | 112(53) | |
Ethnics | 0.131 | |||
Mexican American | 228(22) | 184(22) | 44(21) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 263(25) | 206(25) | 57(27) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 418(40) | 343(41) | 75(35) | |
Other | 133(13) | 97(12) | 36(17) | |
Marital | 0.936 | |||
Married or living with a partner | 639(61) | 510(61) | 129(61) | |
Unmarried or other | 403(39) | 320(39) | 83(39) | |
Education level | 0.172 | |||
Less than High school | 412(40) | 319(38) | 93(44) | |
High School or above | 630(60) | 511(62) | 119(56) | |
BMI, kg/m2 | 31.27(27.83, 36.39) | 31.26(27.8, 36.26) | 31.29(27.87, 37.79) | 0.416 |
Smoke status | 0.014 | |||
Current | 159(15) | 140(17) | 19(9) | |
Never | 541(52) | 419(50) | 122(58) | |
Former | 342(33) | 271(33) | 71(33) | |
Past-year alcohol drinking | 0.095 | |||
Mild | 283(27) | 221(27) | 62(29) | |
Moderate | 81(8) | 62(7) | 19(9) | |
Never | 202(19) | 157(19) | 45(21) | |
Former | 357(34) | 284(34) | 73(34) | |
Heavy | 119(11) | 106(13) | 13(6) | |
Hypertension | 0.594 | |||
No | 263(25) | 213(26) | 50(24) | |
Yes | 779(75) | 617(74) | 162(76) | |
Hyperlipidemia | 1 | |||
No | 130(12) | 104(13) | 26(12) | |
Yes | 912(88) | 726(87) | 186(88) | |
HEI.score | 50.64(40.81, 61.12) | 51.08(40.86, 61.29) | 49.34(40.66, 61.11) | 0.414 |
Poverty ratio | 0.103 | |||
At or above poverty line (≥ 1.00) | 225(22) | 170(20) | 55(26) | |
Below poverty line (< 1.00) | 817(78) | 660(80) | 157(74) | |
Kcal, kcal/d | 0.153 | |||
Very Low (< 1200) | 203(19) | 173(21) | 30(14) | |
Low (1200–1600) | 205(20) | 155(19) | 50(24) | |
Medium (1600–2000) | 215(21) | 169(20) | 46(22) | |
High (2000–2400) | 199(19) | 155(19) | 44(21) | |
Very High (> 2400) | 220(21) | 178(21) | 42(20) | |
