Table 5 Briefing of metaheuristic optimization methods built on problem characteristics.

Metaheuristic algorithm

Ant colony optimization

^80,82,89,90

Constructive Heuristic

^91,93,93

Genetic algorithm

^{81,83,88,94,95,96,97,98,104}

Particle swarm optimization

^79,87,98,99

Simulated annealing

^84,88,101

Tabu search

^78,102

Whale optimization algorithm

^87,103,104

Objective function

Minimize distance

^{83,87,89,91,95,105}

Multi-objective

^{78,80,81,82,82,84,92,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,103,106}

Additional constraint

Multiple depot

^88,96,97

Multiple dump sites

^106,107

Time-dependent

^59,91,96

Time windows

^{34,39,50,84,105,106}