Table 1 Characteristics of the participants.

Age (years: mean, SD)

4.3 ± 0.9

4.3 ± 0.9

4.3 ± 1.0

0.684

 3

428 (23.2%)

224 (23.3%)

204 (23.3%)

0.917

 4

613 (33.3%)

326 (33.7%)

287 (32.7%)

 5

607 (32.9%)

318 (32.9%)

289 (33.0%)

 6

195 (10.6%)

98 (10.1%)

97 (11.0%)

Height (cm: mean, SD)

105.1 ± 7.3

105.6 ± 7.2

104.7 ± 7.4

0.010

Body mass (kg: mean, SD)

17.4 ± 3.0

17.6 ± 3.0

17.2 ± 3.0

0.003

BMI z-score (kg/m², mean, SEM)^a

0.22 ± 0.02

0.27 ± 0.03

0.17 ± 0.03

0.028

BMI percentile (%)^b

 Underweight

30 (1.6%)

16 (1.7%)

14 (1.6%)

0.016

 Normal weight

1506 (82.5%)

764 (79.9%)

742 (85.3%)

 Overweight

198 (10.8%)

117 (12.2%)

81 (9.3%)

Obesity

92 (5.1%)

59 (6.2%)

33 (3.8%)

Fat mass (kg)

2.5 ± 1.4

2.8 ± 1.4

2.1 ± 1.4

 < 0.001

Accelerometer-derived MB (mean, SD; min/d)

 Accelerometer wear-time (min)

734.8 ± 105.1

736.1 ± 106.9

733.5 ± 103.4

0.664

 Sedentary behavior (min)

435.4 ± 96.0

429.7 ± 95.2

441.3 ± 91.5

0.032

 Light intensity physical activity (min)

251.2 ± 38.5

254.2 ± 39.4

248.0 ± 37.3

0.004

 MVPA (min)

48.2 ± 15.7

52.1 ± 16.3

44.1 ± 13.8

 < 0.001

 Number of steps (steps)

9063 ± 2460

9547 ± 2614

8548 ± 2171

 < 0.001

Physical fitness (mean, SD)

 25 m sprint (s)

7.4 ± 1.7

7.3 ± 1.6

7.5 ± 1.7

0.004

 Standing long jump (cm)

92.0 ± 24.8

93.6 ± 26.0

90.1 ± 23.2

0.002

 Ball throw (m)

5.3 ± 2.9

6.2 ± 3.3

4.4 ± 2.0

 < 0.001

 Handgrip strength (kgf)

12.5 ± 4.0

12.8 ± 4.1

12.2 ± 3.9

0.005