Figure 2

Utility of 5D in mapping atmospheric moisture transport events (i.e. Hurricane Karina). (a,b) Snapshots of the TWS change for both the monthly and 5D solutions after Hurricane Katrina, which made landfall between August 29th and 30th, 2005. (c) Originating as a low-pressure system in southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005, it quickly intensified, impacting southeast Florida, and later escalating to a category 5 hurricane, devastating the Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coast on August 29th and 30th, 2005, and dissipating on August 31st eastern Canada. The displayed TWSA is obtained by detrending and removing seasonal variations from the time series, with the August–September TWSA subtracted from that of July 2005. Only positive anomalies are depicted, highlighting the significant influence of hurricanes on water storage. Notably, monthly data exhibit no anomalies, vividly illustrating the initiation, evolution, and dissipation of anomalies along the hurricane trajectory in the 5D solution. All plots were generated using MATLAB³⁹.