Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the control and embolization groups before and after IPTW.

From: Safety and efficacy of interventional embolization in cirrhotic patients with refractory hepatic encephalopathy associated with spontaneous portosystemic shunts

Variables

Unadjusted cohort

IPTW cohort

Control group

Embolization group

P-Value

Control group

Embolization group

P-Value

(n = 89)

(n = 34)

 

(n = 135.0)

(n = 94.9)

 

Age

years

56.3 ± 11.6

56.4 ± 9.5

0.976

58.7 ± 12.0

55.8 ± 8.8

0.378

Gender

Female

24 (27.0%)

3 (8.8%)

0.054

26.0 (19.2%)

11.8 (12.4%)

0.542

Male

65 (73.0%)

31 (91.2%)

 

109.0 (80.8%)

83.1 (87.6%)

 

Etiology

Viral

51 (57.3%)

22 (64.7%)

0.560

84.1 (62.3%)

57.2 (60.3%)

0.945

Alcohol

24 (27.0%)

6 (17.6%)

 

33.0 (24.4%)

27.4 (28.9%)

 

Other

14 (15.7%)

6 (17.6%)

 

17.9 (13.2%)

10.3 (10.9%)

 

Albumin

g/L

28.7 ± 5.8

28.8 ± 5.4

0.962

28.1 ± 5.5

29.3 ± 5.5

0.487

Total bilirubin

umol/L

62.0 [37.3–125]

36.8 [25.2–52.9]

 < 0.001

84.7 [45.9–120.5]

63.2 [38.2–89.2]

0.185

PT

s

19.9 ± 5.6

17.2 ± 2.4

 < 0.001

19.1 ± 4.8

18.1 ± 2.7

0.280

Creatinine

umol/L

71.0 [58.0–98.0]

75.5 [58.0–98.0]

0.248

82.0 [50.0–116.0]

78.0 [58.0–98.0]

0.552

Serum ammonia level

 ≤ 60 umol/L

23 (25.8%)

2 (5.9%)

0.027

47.5 (35.2%)

12.2 (12.8%)

0.187

 > 60 umol/L

66 (74.2%)

32 (94.1%)

 

87.5 (64.8%)

82.7 (87.2%)

 

Child–Pugh score

 

10.2 ± 2.0

9.0 ± 2.0

0.002

9.7 ± 2.0

9.5 ± 2.2

0.685

Child–Pugh score

 ≤ 10

51 (57.3%)

27 (79.4%)

0.039

88.5 (65.5%)

60.6 (63.9%)

0.913

 > 10

38 (42.7%)

7 (20.6%)

 

46.5 (34.5%)

34.3 (36.1%)

 

Meld score

 

16.0 [14.0–21.0]

13.0 [11.0–16.0]

 < 0.001

16.0 [10.0–22.0]

15.0 [12.0–18.0]

0.359

Meld score

 ≤ 15

37 (41.6%)

25 (73.5%)

0.003

73.1 (54.1%)

56.1 (59.1%)

0.755

 > 15

52 (58.4%)

9 (26.5%)

 

61.9 (45.9%)

38.8 (40.9%)

 

Portal blood flow

Hepatopetal

76 (85.4%)

25 (73.5%)

0.203

117.1 (86.8%)

73.8 (77.8%)

0.370

Hepatofugal

13 (14.6%)

9 (26.5%)

 

17.9 (13.2%)

21.1 (22.2%)

 

Total area of SPSS

mm2

150 [97–219]

249 [188–363]

 < 0.001

234 [88–380]

218 [119–318]

0.739

Number of SPSS

Single

32 (36.0%)

18 (52.9%)

0.131

41.0 (30.4%)

38.9 (41.0%)

0.434

Multiple

57 (64.0%)

16 (47.1%)

 

94.0 (69.6%)

56.0 (59.0%)

 

HE grade, maximum

II

71 (79.8%)

30 (88.2%)

0.405

113.5 (84.1%)

86.2 (90.9%)

0.348

III-IV

18 (20.2%)

4 (11.8%)

 

21.5 (15.9%)

8.7 ( 9.1%)

 

HCC

No

76 (85.4%)

21 (61.8%)

0.009

92.9 (68.9%)

67.9 (71.5%)

0.868

Yes

13 (14.6%)

13 (38.2%)

 

42.1 (31.1%)

27.0 (28.5%)

 
  1. IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; SPSS, spontaneous portosystemic shunts; PT, prothrombin time; MELD, the model for end-stage liver disease; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
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