Table 2 Postural sway, baseline and three-month follow-up values (mean ± SD) in the WAD and control groups, differences between WAD and control at baseline and three months, and within-group changes for the WAD group.

From: Results of neck-specific exercise for altered postural sway in individuals with chronic whiplash-associated disorders: a longitudinal case–control study

 

N

WAD group baseline

Mean ± SD

N

Control group (CG) baseline Mean ± SD

Between-group differences, WAD vs. CG baseline Mean (SE diff)

N

WAD group three months

Mean ± SD

Between-group differences, WAD three months vs. CG baseline

Mean (SE diff)

Change score WAD baseline to three months

Mean ± SD

Pathway single leg, cm

31

39.27 ± 15.29

31

34,13 ± 17.69

5.1 (4.20)

22

33.06 ± 15.23

− 1.06 (4.66)

− 7.28 ± 18.70

Pathway double stance, cm

31

24.85 ± 10.78

31

17.84 ± 5.27

7.0 (2.15)

23

21.48 ± 12.82

3.6 (2.84)

− 4.25 ± 13.46

Ellipse area single leg, cm2

31

1.44 ± 2.24

31

1.52 ± 2.45

− 0.8 (0.60)

22

1.56 ± 2.68

0.04 (0.71)

− 0.10 ± 3.55

Ellipse area double stance, cm2

31

0.45 ± 0.58

31

0.15 ± 0.15

0.30 (0.11)

23

0.22 ± 0.17

0.07 (0.04)

− 0.24 ± 0.58

  1. Mean ± SD: mean value and standard deviation.
  2. Mean (SE diff): mean value (standard error of the differences between two means).
  3. WAD: whiplash-associated disorders; CG: control group.
  4. Between-group differences WAD three months vs. CG baseline: the WAD group’s three-month values were compared to the control group’s baseline values.
  5. Between-group differences baseline and three months: positive values indicate higher value in the WAD group.
  6. Within-group differences baseline to three months: negative values indicate decreased pathway and ellipse area at three-month follow-up in the WAD group.
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