Table 3 Cox regression analysis of diagnosis by surveillance and mortality stratified by age.

From: Hepatocellular carcinoma outcomes and potential implications for surveillance in elderly patients

Age of diagnosisa

Univariable Cox regression

Fully adjusted multivariable

Cox regression model 3

HR (95% CI)

p-value

aHR (95% CI)

p-value

75–79 years (n = 299)

 Mode of diagnosis

  Symptom onset

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Surveillance

0.47 (0.33–0.66)

 < 0.001

0.88 (0.58–1.32)

0.53

 Age (years)

1.03 (0.91–1.18)

0.61

1.07 (0.94–1.23)

0.30

 Gender (Male)

1.35 (0.94–1.93)

0.11

0.95 (0.63–1.45)

0.82

 ECOG

  0

Reference

 

Reference

 

  ≥ 1

1.25 (0.86–1.80)

0.24

0.74 (0.50–1.11)

0.14

 CKD (Yes)

1.55 (1.10–2.19)

0.012

1.51 (1.02–2.24)

0.038

 Etiology

  Viral

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Non-viral

1.70 (1.21–2.39)

0.002

1.79 (1.22–2.61)

0.003

 Initial treatment (Yes)

0.27 (0.16–0.45)

 < 0.001

0.43 (0.24–0.76)

0.004

 ALBI grade

  1

Reference

 

Reference

 

  2–3

3.35 (2.38–4.71)

 < 0.001

3.72 (2.55–5.42)

 < 0.001

 α-fetoprotein (log10 ug/mL)

1.50 (1.33–1.68)

 < 0.001

1.50 (1.31–1.72)

 < 0.001

 mUICC stage

  I–II

Reference

 

Reference

 

  III–IV

2.75 (1.97–86)

 < 0.001

1.95 (1.31–2.91)

0.001

 ≥ 80 years (n = 120)

 Mode of diagnosis

  Symptom onset

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Surveillance

0.61 (0.37–1.01)

0.055

0.67 (0.37–1.19)

0.17

 Age (years)

1.13 (1.02–1.25)

0.022

1.02 (0.91–1.13)

0.76

 Gender (Male)

0.86 (0.52–1.41)

0.54

1.09 (0.59–2.00)

0.78

 ECOG

  0

Reference

 

Reference

 

  ≥ 1

1.33 (0.78–2.25)

0.29

1.33 (0.74–2.41)

0.34

 CKD (Yes)

1.03 (0.62–1.72)

0.90

1.11 (0.61–2.02)

0.74

 Etiology

  Viral

Reference

 

Reference

 

  Non-viral

1.14 (0.69–1.88)

0.61

1.33 (0.77–2.32)

0.31

 Initial treatment (Yes)

0.20 (0.11–0.37)

 < 0.001

0.25 (0.13–0.49)

 < 0.001

 ALBI grade

  1

Reference

 

Reference

 

  2–3

3.06 (1.85–5.06)

 < 0.001

2.93 (1.68–5.11)

 < 0.001

 α-fetoprotein (log10 ug/mL)

1.26 (1.06–1.49)

0.008

1.15 (0.94–1.40)

0.18

 mUICC stage

  I–II

Reference

 

Reference

 

  III–IV

2.79 (1.67–4.66)

 < 0.001

2.03 (1.11–3.70)

0.021

  1. HR, hazard ratio; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; CKD, chronic kidney disease; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ALBI, albumin-bilirubin; AFP, α-fetoprotein; mUICC, modified Union for International Cancer Control.
  2. Model 3: adjusted for age (years), gender (male vs. female), ECOG (0 vs. 1–4), CKD (≥ 60 vs. < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), etiology of HCC (viral vs. non-viral), initial treatment (yes vs. no), ALBI grade (1 vs. 2–3), serum AFP (/log10 ug/mL), and mUICC stage (1–2 vs. 3–4).
  3. ap-values for interaction between diagnosis mode and age were > 0.05.
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