Table 1 Summary of case diagnostic assay results conducted at the ISU-VDL and PCV2/3 multiplex qPCR for PCV4 positive lymphoid tissue, lung, and spleen samples.

From: First detection of PCV4 in swine in the United States: codetection with PCV2 and PCV3 and direct detection within tissues

Case no

Site state

Age (wk)

Clinical signs

Histopathology

PCV4

Viral coinfections Ct

Bacterial coinfections

Tissue

Ct

PRRSV

IAV

PCV2

PCV3

Other (Ct)

Respiratory

Enteric

1

MO

16

Resp, systemic, diarrhea

IP, PE

LT

21.3

D

U

U

33.2

NP

SS, GP, BB

EC (U), LI

2

NE

F

Resp

No lesions

LT

25.6

NP

NP

18

U

NP

MHP (U)

NP

3

MN

3

Resp

IP

Lung

27

17.1

NP

28.7

U

NP

NP

NP

4

MN

16

Diarrhea

IP, PE

LT

30

NP

NP

U

U

NP

NP

LI

5

IN

NR

NR

IP

LT

31.8

17.3

U

34

36.9

NP

SE

NP

6

IA

5

Resp, death

Bronchiolitis, BP, SC

Spleen

32.2

U

27.9

U

U

NP

SS

EC, S. spp

7

IA

F

Resp

IP, bronchiolitis, polyserositis

Spleen

32.8

17.4

NP

17.7

30.8

NP

SS

NP

8

TX

3

Resp, death

IP, SC

Spleen

33

U

NP

U

U

NP

SS

EC

9

IA

6

Resp, CNS

No lesions

Spleen

33

NP

NP

U

U

NP

NP

EC, S. spp.

10

IN

G

Resp

BP, IN

LT

33

29.6

U

25.4

U

NP

MHP, PM

NP

11

IN

B

Resp

polyserositis

LT

33.6

U

U

U

33.1

NP

SS, GP

NP

12

IA

3

Resp, enteric

SC

Lung

34

U

U

33.2

U

PEDV (U), PDCoV (U), TGEV (U)

NP

NP

13

NC

3

Systemic, scours

Suppurative enteritis

Spleen

34

U

U

14.5

U

NP

NP

NP

14

IA

6

Resp, joint swelling

Bronchiolitis, BP, synovitis

Spleen

34

U

16.6

31

U

NP

SS

NP

15

IL

16

Resp, death

BP, polyserositis

LT

34

NP

32.8

29

22.3

NP

SS, GP, TP

NP

16

IN

23

Resp

IP, lymphoid depletion, myocarditis, IN

LT

34.1

U

U

22.2

U

NP

SE, PM

NP

17

IA

9

Resp, CNS

IP, BP, lymphocytic encephalitis

Spleen

34.2

15.2

NP

34.4

U

NP

PM

NP

18

IA

5

Diarrhea

Bronchiolitis, AE

Spleen

34.3

NP

27.2

U

U

Rotavirus A, B, C (D); sapovirus (D)

NP

EC

19

IN

16

Resp, death

IP, EM

Spleen

34.3

20.7

NP

U

U

NP

SS, SE

NP

20

IA

3

NR

NP

Lung

34.4

U

NP

36.2

U

NP

NP

NP

21

IA

16

Systemic, death

BP

Lung

34.4

23

NP

U

U

NP

AS

NP

22

MO

4

Resp, enteric

Bronchiolitis, BP, AE, SC

Lung

34.5

NP

21

U

29

NP

SS, SE

EC, S. spp

23

IN

8

NR

NP

LT

34.8

NP

NP

U

U

NP

NP

NP

24

IN

8

NR

NP

LT

34.9

NP

NP

U

U

NP

NP

NP

25

NC

17

Resp, death

Chronic epicarditis

Lung

35

18.9

U

D

U

NP

NP

NP

26

MO

12

Resp, systemic

IP, BP

LT

35.1

29.5

U

U

U

NP

SS

NP

27

NE

22

Death, purple discoloration of skin

IP, necrosuppurative BP

LT

35.2

NP

NP

U

U

NP

SE, AS

NP

28

IA

6

Enteric

Suppurative enterocolitis

Lung

35.4

NP

NP

34.3

U

NP

NP

EC

29

IA

12

Resp

IN, IP, BP, lymphoid depletion

Lung

35.4

positive

NP

9.4

U

NP

NP

NP

30

IA

4

Diarrhea

IP, BP, AE, myocarditis

Lung

36.2

positive

U

U

U

Rotavirus A (D)

SS

EC

  1. Age abbreviations- B: Boars in breeding herd, F: Finishing aged pig, G: Gilts in breeding herd.
  2. Site state abbreviations- MO: Missouri, NE: Nebraska, MN: Minnesota, IN: Indiana, IA: Iowa, TX: Texas, NC: North Carolina, IL: Illinois.
  3. Clinical sign abbreviations- CNS: Central nervous system, Resp: Respiratory.
  4. Histopathology abbreviations- IP: interstitial pneumonia, PE: proliferative enteritis, BP: bronchopneumonia, SC: suppurative colitis, IN: interstitial nephritis, AE: atrophic enteritis, EM: eosinophilic meningoencephalitis.
  5. Molecular diagnostics abbreviations- D: Detected, NR: not reported, NP: not performed, U: undetected after cycle cut-off.
  6. Viral abbreviations- PRRSV: porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, IAV: influenza A virus, PCV2: porcine circovirus 2, PCV3: porcine circovirus 3, PEDV: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, PDCoV: porcine delta coronavirus, TGEV: transmissible gastroenteritis virus.
  7. Bacterial abbreviations- SS: Streptococcus suis, BB: Bordetella bronchiseptica, GP: Glaesseralla parasuis, SE: Streptococcus equisimilis, MHP: Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, PM: Pasteurella multocida type A, TP: Trueperella pyogenes, AS: Actinobacillus suis, EC: Escherichia coli; S. spp: Salmonella species, LI: Lawsonia intracellularis.
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