Table 3 The adjusted hazards ratios of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, CHF, ASCVD with 95% CI for the comparison of CKD vs. Non-CKD and ESRD vs. Non-CKD groups in one year.

From: Impact of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease on the mid-term adverse outcomes in diabetic patients with cardiovascular diseases

Adverse outcomes

CKD (n = 2529) vs. Non-CKD (N = 2529)

ESRD (n = 493) vs. Non-CKD (n = 493)

CKD (n, %)

Non-CKD (n, %)

Adjusted HR† (95% CI)

P value

ESRD (n, %)

Non-CKD (n, %)

Adjusted HR† (95% CI)

P value

All-cause mortality

465, 18.39%

295, 11.66%

1.72 (1.48, 1.99)

 < 0.0001

140, 28.40%

69, 14%

2.77 (2.05, 3.73)

 < 0.0001

Cardiovascular death

179, 7.08%

103, 4.07%

1.84 (1.44, 2.35)

 < 0.0001

34, 6.9%

23, 4.67%

1.87 (1.08, 3.24)

0.0267

CHF

385, 15.22%

198, 7.83%

2.08 (1.75, 2.47)

 < 0.0001

71, 14.4%

52, 10.55%

1.50 (1.04, 2.17)

0.0286

ASCVD1

400, 15.82%

287, 11.35%

1.44 (1.24, 1.68)

 < 0.0001

113, 22.92%

56, 11.36%

2.33 (1.69, 3.23)

 < 0.0001

  1. ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, CHF congestive heart failure, CKD chronic kidney disease, ESRD end-stage renal disease, HR hazard ratio.
  2. †Main model was adjusted for all covariates (listed in Table 2) such as gender; age; Comorbidity (AKI; Hypertension; Hyperlipidemia; AF; COPD; CLD; Dementia); Medications (Diuretics; Antiplatelet; Warfarin; Rivaroxaban; ACEI/ARB; Beta-2 blocker; CCB; Statin; Metformin; Thiazolidinedione; Sulfonylureas; AGIs; DPP4is; Insulin; GLP-1 RAs); Index date CVD (brain stroke; CAD; CHF; PAOD).
  3. 1The study events for ASCVD: (1) brain stroke (hemorrhagic stroke and ischemic stroke), (2) acute myocardial infarction, and (3) major adverse limb events (acute limb ischemia, major amputation, need for surgical or peripheral revascularization of peripheral artery occlusive disease).
  4. ACEIs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, AF atrial fibrillation, AGIs alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, ARB angiotensin receptor blockers, AKI acute kidney injury, ASCVD atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, CAD coronary artery disease, CCBs calcium channel blockers, CHF congestive heart failure, CKD chronic kidney disease, CLD chronic liver disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cr creatine, DPP-4is dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, eGFR estimated Glomerular filtration rate, GLP-1 RAs glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, PAOD peripheral artery occlusive disease.
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