Table 1 Comparative analysis of baseline variables in MOH patients by classes and use of overused medication and preventive treatment types.

From: Three-month treatment outcome of medication-overuse headache according to classes of overused medications, use of acute medications, and preventive treatments

 

Classes of overused medications

Use of overused medications

Types of preventive treatment

groups

T-MOH

(T, n = 66)

E-MOH

(E, n = 29)

N-MOH

(N, n = 74)

C-MOH

(C, n = 57)

M-MOH

(M, n = 79)

p value

Discontinuation (D, n = 143)

Reduction (R, n = 133)

Maintenance (M, n = 33)

p value

OBT-A

(OB, n = 59)

Anti-CGRP mAb

(CG, n = 53)

Combination of OBT-A and anti-CGRP mAb

(BC, n = 27)

Oral medication only

(OR, n = 149)

No preventive treatment

(NO, n = 21)

p value

Age

43.0

(33.5–52.5)

51.0

(39.5–61.0)

39.5

(34.5–52.0)

48.0

(36.5–62.5)

48.0

(38.0–58.0)

0.020

T < C(0.046)

T < M(0.024)

N < C(0.025)

N < M(0.010)

45.0

(35.0–57.0)

44.0

(35.0–54.0)

49.0

(38.0–61.5)

0.125

44.0

(35.0–56.0)

42.0

(35.0–55.5)

51.0

(39.0–59.0)

45.0

(35.0–55.5)

40.0

(35.5–60.5)

0.722

Sex,

female (%)

54 (81.8)

28 (96.6)

62 (83.8)

46 (80.7)

71 (89.9)

0.195

123 (86.0)

109 (82.0)

31 (93.9)

0.205

52 (88.1)

43 (81.1)

22 (81.5)

129 (86.6)

17 (81.0)

0.753

CCD

8.0

(0.0–10.0)

0.0

(0.0–6.5)

0.0

(0.0–7.3)

4.0

(0.0–10.0)

0.0

(0.0–10.0)

0.002

T > E(0.003)

T > N(< 0.001)

T > M(0.002)

0.0

(0.0–5.0)

6.0

(0.0–10.0)

0.0

(0.0–5.0)

 < 0.001

D < R(< 0.001)

M < R(0.032)

2.0

(0.0–7.0)

0.0

(0.0–10.0)

0.0

(0.0–6.0)

0.0

(0.0–10.0)

10.0

(1.5–15.0)

0.042

OB < NO(0.005)

CG < NO(0.019)

BC < NO(0.007)

OR < NO(0.003)

HD

23.5

(20.0–30.0)

30.0

(22.5–30.0)

30.0

(25.0–30.0)

28.0

(20.0–30.0)

30.0

(21.0–30.0)

0.003

T < E(0.029)

T < N(< 0.001)

T < M(0.004)

30.0

(25.0–30.0)

24.0

(20.0–30.0)

30.0

(28.0–30.0)

 < 0.001

D > R(< 0.001)

M > R(0.001)

29.0

(23.0–30.0)

30.0

(20.0–30.0)

30.0

(24.0–30.0)

30.0

(20.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0–28.5)

0.024

OB > NO(0.001)

CG > NO(0.011)

BC > NO(0.007)

OR > NO(0.002)

SHD

8.0

(4.0–12.0)

6.0

(2.5–13.5)

10.0

(6.0–15.3)

10.0

(5.5–15.0)

10.0

(5.0–15.0)

0.046

T < N(0.015)

E < N(0.014)

10.0

(4.0–15.0)

10.0

(5.0–15.0)

10.0

(5.5–15.0)

0.208

10.0

(6.0–15.0)

8.0

(4.0–15.0)

8.0

(5.0–12.0)

10.0

(5.0–14.0)

8.0

(4.0–12.0)

0.224

DAM

15.0

(11.0–25.0)

25.0

(15.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0– 30.0)

25.0

(15.0– 30.0)

0.001

T < E(0.004)

T < N(0.002)

T < C(0.031)

T < M(< 0.001)

-

-

-

-

20.0

(15.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0–30.0)

28.0

(20.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0–25.5)

0.012

OB < BC(0.002)

BC > OR(0.001)

BC > NO(0.002)

PV

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(1.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–2.3)

1.0

(0.0–2.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.004

T < E(0.022)

T < N(0.002)

T < C(0.001)

C > M(0.036)

1.0

(0.0–2.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.022

D > R(0.041)

D > M(0.021)

1.0

(0.0–2.0)

1.0

(0.0–2.0)

1.0

(1.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–2.0)

1.0

(0.3–2.5)

0.426

HV

1.0

(0.5–1.0)

1.0

(1.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.182

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.5–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.102

0.5

(0.5–1.0)

1.0

(0.8–2.0)

1.0

(1.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.017

CG > OR(0.017)

CG > NO(0.034)

BC > OR(0.034)

BC > NO(0.031)

MD

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.5)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.984

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.517

0.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.008

OB > OR(0.001)

OB > NO(0.023)

BC > OR(0.047)

HIT-6

66.0

(61.8–72.0)

65.5

(63.3–69.8)

66.0

(62.0–72.0)

65.0

(60.5–70.0)

66.0

(64.0–72.0)

0.610

67.0

(62.8–72.0)

66.0

(62.5–70.0)

66.0

(61.0–71.5)

0.757

67.0

(64.0–72.0)

66.0

(63.0–70.0)

68.0

(64.0–76.0)

66.0

(62.0–70.0)

65.0

(60.0–70.5)

0.130

MIDAS

41.5

(13.8–86.3)

40.0

(23.3–73.8)

42.0

(20.0–83.3)

49.0

(20.5–108.5)

40.0

(16.0–100.0)

0.866

49.5

(22.8–90.5)

40.0

(14.5–90.0)

35.0

(10.0–107.0)

0.314

59.0

(30.0–138.8)

54.0

(25.5–110.0)

55.0

(22.0–100.0)

35.0

(16.5–80.0)

30.0

(8.0–56.0)

0.012

OB > OR(0.005)

OB > NO(0.016)

CG > OR(0.047)

CG > NO(0.031)

PHQ-9

10.0

(5.0–14.3)

8.0

(4.3–10.8)

10.0

(7.0–15.0)

9.0

(5.0–16.0)

12.0

(6.0–17.0)

0.143

10.0

(6.0–15.0)

10.0

(6.0–15.0)

10.0

(4.5–19.5)

0.977

12.5

(7.8–18.0)

11.0

(6.0–15.0)

11.0

(8.0–16.0)

9.0

(5.0–14.5)

8.0

(5.5–10.0)

0.012

OB > OR(0.009)

OB > NO(0.004)

CG > NO(0.038)

BC > NO(0.016)

GAD-7

7.0

(2.0–11.0)

3.5

(2.3–8.8)

6.0

(2.8–11.0)

6.0

(2.0–15.0)

5.0

(2.0–13.0)

0.529

6.5

(2.0–11.3)

6.0

(2.5–11.0)

7.0

(1.0–12.0)

0.764

7.0

(3.0–14.0)

5.0

(2.5–11.0)

7.0

(3.0–12.0)

6.0

(2.0–12.0)

3.0

(1.5–6.5)

0.110

MSQ

187.1

(123.1–242.3)

186.4

(147.4–237.9)

198.2

(140.1–227.7)

185.0

(110.8–234.5)

165.0

(110.9–208.3)

0.185

181.9

(116.1–220.6)

184.8

(140.2–230.1)

170.5

(112.1–230.8)

0.543

162.5

(113.6–195.8)

155.0

(90.6–204.9)

173.3

(108.6–221.9)

196.9

(140.7–238.6)

225.7

(188.5–249.5)

 < 0.001

OB < OR(0.001)

OB < NO(< 0.001)

CG < OR(0.001)

CG < NO(< 0.001)

BC < NO(0.017)

  1. Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test as post hoc test, data are presented as n (%) and a median (25–75th percentiles), and data from four patients with opioid-overuse headaches are not presented in the table.
  2. Anti-CGRP mAb: anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide monoclonal antibody; CCD: crystal-clear days; C-MOH: combination analgesic-overuse MOH; DAM: days with acute medications per month; E-MOH: ergotamine-overuse MOH; GAD-7: general anxiety disorder-7; HD: headache days; HIT-6: headache impact test-6; HV: hospital visits per month; MD: Missed days; MIDAS: migraine disability assessment; M-MOH: MOH attributed to multiple drug classes; MOH: medication-overuse headache; MSQ: migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire; N-MOH: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-overuse MOH; PHQ-9: patients health questionaire-9; OBT-A: OnabotulinumtoxinA; PV: Pharmacy visits per month; RD: reduction per month; SHD: severe headache days per month; T-MOH: triptan-overuse MOH. Significant values are in bold.
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