Table 2 Evaluation of baseline and 3-month follow-up parameters in MOH patients based on classes of overused medications.

From: Three-month treatment outcome of medication-overuse headache according to classes of overused medications, use of acute medications, and preventive treatments

Variables

Baseline

3-month follow-up

p value*

p value†

p value‡

T-MOH

(n = 66)

E-MOH

(n = 29)

N-MOH

(n = 74)

C-MOH

(n = 57)

M-MOH

(n = 79)

T-MOH

(n = 66)

E-MOH

(n = 29)

N-MOH

(n = 74)

C-MOH

(n = 57)

M-MOH

(n = 79)

Crystal-clear days per month

8.0

(0.0–10.0)

0.0

(0.0–6.5)

0.0

(0.0–7.3)

4.0

(0.0–10.0)

0.0

(0.0–10.0)

18.0

(10.0–24.0)

17.0

(5.5–21.8)

18.0

(6.5–23.0)

16.5

(2.8–20.5)

10.0

(0.0–21.0)

 < 0.001

0.583

M < E(0.032)

T < E(0.022)

0.018

Headache days per month

23.5

(20.0–30.0)

30.0

(22.5–30.0)

30.0

(25.0–30.0)

28.0

(20.0–30.0)

30.0

(21.0–30.0)

11.0

(6.0–20.0)

13.0

(8.3–24.5)

12.0

(7.0–21.5)

10.0

(7.0–27.0)

20.0

(10.0–30.0)

 < 0.001

0.300

0.092

Severe headache days per month

8.0

(4.0–12.0)

6.0

(2.5–13.5)

10.0

(6.0–15.3)

10.0

(5.5–15.0)

10.0

(5.0–15.0)

5.0

(2.0–10.0)

4.0

(0.0–8.5)

3.0

(0.0–8.0)

2.0

(0.0–6.3)

7.0

(2.0–10.0)

 < 0.001

0.768

0.314

Acute medication days per month

15.0

(11.0–25.0)

25.0

(15.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0–30.0)

20.0

(15.0– 30.0)

25.0

(15.0– 30.0)

7.0

(4.0–10.0)

7.0

(2.5–15.0)

7.0

(3.0–12.0)

6.0

(4.0–10.0)

10.0

(5.0–25.0)

 < 0.001

0.215

0.084

Pharmacy visits per month

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(1.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–2.3)

1.0

(0.0–2.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

 < 0.001

0.009

T < M(0.020)

0.305

Hospital visits per month

1.0

(0.5–1.0)

1.0

(1.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

1.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.0

(0.0–1.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–1.0)

 < 0.001

0.079

0.088

Missed days per month

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.5)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

0.0

(0.0–0.0)

 < 0.001

0.623

0.683

HIT-6

66.0

(61.8–72.0)

65.5

(63.3–69.8)

66.0

(62.0–72.0)

65.0

(60.5–70.0)

66.0

(64.0–72.0)

54.0

(51.0–61.0)

55.5

(48.0–62.8)

54.5

(48.5–62.8)

52.0

(45.8–58.3)

61.0

(52.0–66.0)

 < 0.001

0.041

C < M(0.003)

0.109

MIDAS

41.5

(13.8–86.3)

40.0

(23.3–73.8)

42.0

(20.0–83.3)

49.0

(20.5–108.5)

40.0

(16.0–100.0)

8.0

(0.0–31.0)

22.0

(4.3–33.8)

14.0

(2.3–39.3)

3.5

(0.0–21.0)

20.0

(5.0–41.0)

 < 0.001

0.011

T < N(0.025)

C < N(0.001)

N < M(0.040)

0.018

PHQ-9

10.0

(5.0–14.3)

8.0

(4.3–10.8)

10.0

(7.0–15.0)

9.0

(5.0–16.0)

12.0

(6.0–17.0)

6.0

(4.0–10.0)

5.0

(4.0–7.8)

7.0

(3.3–10.8)

4.0

(1.0–12.0)

9.0

(4.0–14.0)

 < 0.001

0.304

0.549

GAD-7

7.0

(2.0–11.0)

3.5

(2.3–8.8)

6.0

(2.8–11.0)

6.0

(2.0–15.0)

5.0

(2.0–13.0)

4.0

(2.0–7.0)

2.0

(0.3–6.0)

4.0

(2.0–7.0)

2.0

(0.0–6.3)

5.0

(1.0–9.0)

 < 0.001

0.224

0.863

MSQ

187.1

(123.1–242.3)

186.4

(147.4–237.9)

198.2

(140.1–227.7)

185.0

(110.8–234.5)

165.0

(110.9–208.3)

239.0

(198.2–284.2)

238.4

(213.6–283.1)

240.0

(210.0–282.9)

261.3

(230.6–287.6)

217.9

(141.2–265.0)

 < 0.001

0.556

0.317

  1. Data are presented as a median (25–75th percentiles). Data from four patients with opioid-overuse headaches are not presented in the table.
  2. p value from generalized estimating equation method between groups, with age, headache duration, CDH duration, CDH to MOH period, and baseline of CCD, MHD, SHD, AMD, monthly pharmacy visits and the initial values of each scale before treatment as a covariate.
  3. *p value for visit main effect.
  4. †p value for class of medication main effect.
  5. ‡ p value for visit x medication (interaction) effect.
  6. CDH: chronic daily headache; C-MOH: combination analgesic-overuse MOH; E-MOH: ergotamine-overuse MOH; GAD-7: general anxiety disorder-7; HIT-6: headache impact test-6; MIDAS: migraine disability assessment; M-MOH: MOH attributed to multiple drug classes; MOH: medication-overuse headache; MSQ: migraine-specific quality of life questionnaire; N-MOH: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-overuse MOH; PHQ-9: patients health questionaire-9; T-MOH: triptan-overuse MOH. Significant values are in bold.
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