Figure 3 | Scientific Reports

Figure 3

From: Comparative efficacy of totally thoracoscopic, mini-thoracotomy, and mini-sternotomy approaches in aortic valve replacement

Figure 3

Postoperative Pain Trajectories by Surgical Approach. Box plots represent the distribution of VAS pain scores at 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 3 months post-surgery for MS (blue), MT (orange), and TT (yellow) groups. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences between time points within each group (****p < 0.0001), while 'ns' indicates no significant difference at 3 months. The dashed lines connect the median values to illustrate the trend over time for each surgical approach.

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