Table 10 Dumitrescu and Hurlin panel causality results.
From: Cross-sectional analysis of socioeconomic drivers of PM2.5 pollution in emerging SAARC economies
Null hypothesis | W-Stat. | Zbar-Stat. | P-value | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
LnGDP \(\Rightarrow\) LnPM2.5 | 4.2325 | 1.8068 | 0.0708* | Uni-directional |
LnPM2.5 \(\Rightarrow\) LnGDP | 3.8883 | 1.4873 | 0.1369 | No causality |
LnCOEXP \(\Rightarrow\) LnPM2.5 | 4.6381 | 2.1832 | 0.0290** | Unidirectional |
LnPM2.5 \(\Rightarrow\) LnCOEXP | 2.5702 | 0.2640 | 0.7917 | No causality |
LnFA \(\Rightarrow\) LnPM2.5 | 3.4951 | 1.1224 | 0.2617 | No causality |
LnPM2.5 \(\Rightarrow\) LnFA | 1.3055 | − 0.9096 | 0.3630 | No causality |
LnPREC \(\Rightarrow\) LnPM2.5 | 2.9587 | 0.6246 | 0.5322 | No causality |
LnPM2.5 \(\Rightarrow\) LnPREC | 2.9536 | 0.6198 | 0.5353 | No causality |
LnTEMP \(\Rightarrow\) LnPM2.5 | 3.8879 | 1.4869 | 0.1370 | No causality |
LnPM2.5 \(\Rightarrow\) LnTEMP | 2.2875 | 0.0017 | 0.9986 | No causality |
LnCOEXP \(\Rightarrow\) LnGDP | 3.1274 | 0.7812 | 0.4347 | No causality |
LnGDP \(\Rightarrow\) LnCOEXP | 4.7630 | 2.2991 | 0.0215** | Uni-directional |
LnFA \(\Rightarrow\) LnGDP | 5.2699 | 2.7695 | 0.0056*** | Uni-directional |
LnGDP \(\Rightarrow\) LnFA | 1.5212 | − 0.7094 | 0.4780 | No causality |
LnPREC \(\Rightarrow\) LnGDP | 4.6084 | 2.1556 | 0.0311** | Uni-directional |
LnGDP \(\Rightarrow\) LnPREC | 2.4035 | 0.1093 | 0.9129 | No causality |
LnTEMP \(\Rightarrow\) LnGDP | 6.2294 | 3.6601 | 0.0003*** | Bidirectional |
LnGDP \(\Rightarrow\) LnTEMP | 4.0702 | 1.6561 | 0.0977* | Bidirectional |
LnFA \(\Rightarrow\) LnCOEXP | 8.2013 | 5.4902 | 4.E−08 | No causality |
LnCOEXP \(\Rightarrow\) LnFA | 4.2692 | 1.8408 | 0.0656* | Uni-directional |
LnPREC \(\Rightarrow\) LnCOEXP | 0.8758 | − 1.3084 | 0.2840 | No causality |
LnCOEXP \(\Rightarrow\) LnPREC | 3.2146 | 0.8620 | 0.3886 | No causality |
LnTEMP \(\Rightarrow\) LnCOEXP | 1.1312 | − 1.0714 | 0.2840 | No causality |
LnCOEXP \(\Rightarrow\) LnTEMP | 2.46878 | 0.1699 | 0.8651 | No causality |
LnPREC \(\Rightarrow\) LnFA | 2.8489 | 0.5227 | 0.6012 | No causality |
LnFA \(\Rightarrow\) LnPREC | 3.2243 | 0.8711 | 0.3837 | No causality |
LnTEMP \(\Rightarrow\) LnFA | 0.3665 | − 1.7811 | 0.0749* | Uni-directional |
LnFA \(\Rightarrow\) LnTEMP | 1.9939 | − 0.2708 | 0.7865 | No causality |
LnTEMP \(\Rightarrow\) LnPREC | 4.3619 | 1.9268 | 0.0540* | Uni-directional |
LnPREC \(\Rightarrow\) LnTEMP | 3.02117 | 0.6825 | 0.4949 | No causality |
