Table 5 Result of the first-generation panel unit root tests.
From: Cross-sectional analysis of socioeconomic drivers of PM2.5 pollution in emerging SAARC economies
Variables | LLC t- statistics | IPS W- statistics | Fisher ADF Chi-square | Fisher PP Chi-square | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level | 1st diff. | Level | 1st diff | Level | 1st diff. | Level | 1st diff. | |
LnPM2.5 | ||||||||
Intercept | − 3.16923*** | − 12.4995*** | − 2.28773** | − 11.6101*** | 24.2489** | 110.679*** | 25.1522** | 210.432*** |
Trend | − 2.88433*** | − 8.90333*** | − 2.51376*** | − 9.78607*** | 24.9036** | 85.2774*** | 24.0390** | 443.865*** |
LnGDP | ||||||||
Intercept | − 0.86102 | − 5.16713*** | 0.98737 | − 4.15321*** | 14.0331 | 40.2673*** | 8.27277 | 43.9665*** |
Trend | 1.05962 | − 4.54236*** | 3.69778 | − 2.89579** | 4.42235 | 28.6548*** | 7.78101 | 40.5816*** |
LnCOEXP | ||||||||
Intercept | − 0.43602 | − 1.52891* | 3.03555 | − 5.44393*** | 1.77968 | 51.8032*** | 1.62552 | 124.697*** |
Trend | − 1.68562** | 0.26800 | − 3.31189*** | − 3.50696*** | 35.1946*** | 34.8415*** | 27.0848*** | 102.870*** |
LnFA | ||||||||
Intercept | − 1.03509 | − 6.44272*** | 1.35251 | − 6.22732*** | 5.79152 | 57.6627*** | 12.3976 | 58.4613*** |
Trend | − 0.13529 | − 3.38380*** | 0.69755 | − 4.12020*** | 7.35033 | 36.4409*** | 9.84137 | 40.7081*** |
LnPREC | ||||||||
Intercept | − 9.05127*** | − 8.59535*** | − 7.52378*** | − 12.9819*** | 70.7320*** | 126.302*** | 72.9885*** | 796.234*** |
Trend | − 7.52068*** | − 6.08025*** | − 7.16378*** | − 11.3895*** | 62.1761*** | 99.7363*** | 196.503*** | 867.235*** |
LnTemp | ||||||||
Intercept | − 6.63637*** | − 13.7248*** | − 5.57900*** | − 12.9832*** | 51.6274*** | 128.313*** | 51.8093*** | 679.006*** |
Trend | − 7.07326*** | − 11.4948*** | − 5.48650*** | − 11.4181*** | 49.3866*** | 101.023*** | 49.8957*** | 609.863*** |
