Table 7 Prioritization of social factors affecting the downturn of traditional livestock husbandry based on Friedman’s test.

Uncertainty regarding the future well-being of children and the social and economic situation in the village (S11)

1

Motivation for academic and career development in urban areas (S14)

2

Access to specialized and professional training opportunities in cities (S13)

3

High risk associated with livestock farming in the rangelands (S4)

4

Absence of economic, social, and legal organizations such as cooperatives to facilitate cooperative work in the rangelands (S5)

5

Inadequate government laws and policies for monitoring rangelands (S7)

6

Lack of interest among the younger generation to continue and expand agricultural and animal husbandry activities (S1)

7

Insufficient supervision by natural resources experts to ensure compliance with livestock numbers and grazing permits (S8)

8

Migration and departure of young labor from villages (S17)

9

Lack of recreational, sports, health, service, and treatment facilities in rural areas (S10)

10

Incompatibility of traditional rural society and animal husbandry practices with the preferences of young people (S12)

11

Common ownership of the rangeland leading to a lack of sufficient authority for its management (S6)

12

Lack of coordination among pastoralists for implementing pastoral plans (S2)

13

Low participation by pastoralists in rangelands restoration projects (S9)

14

Misleading advertisements in mass media promoting a prosperous urban lifestyle (S3)

15

Dissatisfaction with housing conditions, as well as inadequate water, electricity, and gas services in villages (S15)

16

Rural families' inclination towards an urban lifestyle and the prevalence of consumerism instead of a focus on rural production culture (S18)

17

Prejudice against preserving cultural traditions such as clothing styles or speech patterns (S16)

18