Figure 3

Results of sense of self-agency and sense of other-agency. Black dots in figure indicate participants’ responses. There were three experimental conditions: operated touch method condition (OT), semi-autonomous touch method condition (ST), and autonomous touch method condition (AT). (a) Sense of self-agency. Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Holm method was conducted on responses (significance level: \(\alpha = 5\%\)). Results showed that OT was significantly higher than AT, ST was significantly higher than AT, and OT was significantly higher than ST (OT-AT: \(Z = 5.295,\) \(p < 0.001,\) Cohen’s \(r = 0.764\); ST-AT: \(Z = 4.857,\) \(p < 0.001,\)Cohen’s \(r = 0.701\); OT-ST: \(Z = 2.475\), \(p = 0.013,\) Cohen’s \(r = 0.357\), all p-values were multiplied by adjusted value). (b) Sense of other-agency. Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Holm method (significance level: \(\alpha = 5\%\)) was performed on the responses. Results showed that ST was significantly higher than OT and AT was significantly higher than OT (ST-OT: \(Z = 4.790,\) \(p < 0.001,\) Cohen’s \(r = 0.691\); AT-OT: \(Z = 3.393,\) \(p = 0.001,\) Cohen’s \(r = 0.489\), all p-values were multiplied by adjusted value). However, there was no significant difference between AT and ST (AT-ST: \(Z = 1.100,\) \(p = 0.271,\) Cohen’s \(r = 0.158\), p-value was multiplied by adjusted value). (*: \(p < 0.05\), **: \(p < 0.01\)).