Figure 2

The emergence of criminal organizations depends on the decision error, the cost-to-benefit ratio, and the initial fraction of criminals. (a) For low levels of crime in society, criminal organizations spontaneously emerge when the benefit outweighs the cost, and the decision error (\(\epsilon\)) is moderately high. (b) The stability region for criminal organizations becomes large for higher initial fraction of crime, indicating that criminal organizations are more robust to decision error. Once a criminal organization is formed, its resilience increases; consider the initial conditions with a lack of criminals in society (a), once the criminal organization forms, the criminal resilience is higher. That is, stronger interventions are needed to disrupt the criminal organization.