Figure 3
From: Free-standing millimeter-range 3D waveguides for on-chip optical interconnects
3D FDTD and MODE solver simulations of mode field propagation in the 3D waveguide. (a) Multimode profile at waveguide cross-section after propagating the fundamental TM mode from the waveguide taper. The source emits at an angle of 15° similar to the optical fiber used in the characterization setup. (b) Waveguide cross-section with arbitrary high order mode (neff ≈1.4) chosen to assess the effect of multimode propagation on scattering losses due to surface defects of the waveguide. It is this mode that is propagated in (d). (c) FDTD simulation of the fundamental TM mode propagating through the center of the waveguide at a height of approximately 44 μm. The scattering from the sidewalls can be seen increasing with propagation distance. (d) FDTD simulation of a high order mode mode propagating through the center of the waveguide showing increased scattering from the sidewalls compared to the fundamental TM mode propagation. The simulations are performed at a wavelength λ = 830 nm.
