Figure 4

Flow cytometric analyses employing Annexin-V-FITC, conducted on M. domestica midgut larval tissues (a), with plots for the control (b) and CdS NPs-treated larvae at LC₅₀ (123 μg/mL) through feeding (c). Relative expressions of HSP70 mRNA are presented in (d), and (e) illustrates the effect of CdS NPs on biochemical reserves. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the data, and Tukey's test was used for multiple comparisons. The stars above the bars indicate significant differences between groups (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001). Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4 represent necrotic cells, late apoptotic cells (LA), viable cells, and early apoptotic cells (EA), respectively.