Table 3 The optimal on-time and optimal uniform array spacing for 16 element TMLA design.

From: Sidelobes and sideband minimization in time-modulated array antenna based on chaotic exchange nonlinear dandelion optimization algorithm

Algorithms

Optimal on-time (τnn)

 

Optimal uniform spacing (d)

      

CSO

0.1839

0.2277

0.4267

0.5826

0.6491

0.8676

0.9474

0.9806

0.8042λ

0.9640

0.9059

0.7921

0.6613

0.4913

0.3703

0.2390

0.1193

 

FFA

0.1266

0.2584

0.4095

0.5514

0.7018

0.8372

0.9481

0.9702

0.8323λ

0.9863

0.8967

0.7887

0.6495

0.4959

0.3267

0.1934

0.1758

 

HBMO

0.1369

0.2558

0.3685

0.5146

0.6795

0.8114

0.8791

0.9507

0.8398λ

0.9125

0.8691

0.7443

0.5859

0.4759

0.2938

0.2013

0.1147

 

BAT

0.1010

0.1456

0.2951

0.4083

0.5873

0.7295

0.8591

0.9597

0.8624λ

0.9735

0.9724

0.8572

0.7472

0.5807

0.3994

0.2943

0.1589

 

GWO

0.1127

0.2018

0.3023

0.4628

0.6057

0.7362

0.8685

0.9246

0.8701λ

0.9384

0.8850

0.7937

0.6570

0.4831

0.3510

0.1992

0.1318

 

WOA

0.1172

0.2172

0.3485

0.5194

0.6790

0.8399

0.9527

1.0000

0.8882λ

0.9951

0.9138

0.7825

0.6345

0.4535

0.3030

0.1671

0.0987

 

DO

0.1022

0.1862

0.3074

0.4655

0.6352

0.7944

0.9182

0.9978

0.8899λ

1.0000

0.9642

0.8468

0.6940

0.5341

0.3776

0.2200

0.1342

 

CENDO

0.0997

0.1834

0.3265

0.4744

0.6504

0.8014

0.9353

0.9961

0.8879λ

0.9993

0.9288

0.8180

0.6546

0.4927

0.3151

0.1934

0.1054

 
  1. Significant values are in [bold].
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