Table 5 The optimal on-time and optimal uniform spacing of 16 element arrays obtained by different algorithms.

From: Sidelobes and sideband minimization in time-modulated array antenna based on chaotic exchange nonlinear dandelion optimization algorithm

Algorithms

Optimal on-time (τnn)

Optimal uniform spacing (d)

PSO

0.0900

0.2642

0.3456

0.5186

0.6533

0.8642

0.9426

0.9984

0.8336λ

0.9892

0.9453

0.8056

0.6587

0.5481

0.3319

0.2256

0.1243

RGA

0.1497

0.2411

0.3701

0.5594

0.6949

0.8491

0.9326

0.9995

0.8151λ

0.9970

0.9291

0.8031

0.6616

0.5036

0.3627

0.2299

0.1189

DE

0.0946

0.2128

0.3283

0.4896

0.6569

0.7894

0.8892

0.9994

0.8399λ

0.9807

0.9279

0.8676

0.6826

0.4946

0.3880

0.2183

0.1514

DEWM

0.0875

0.1716

0.2983

0.4442

0.6064

0.7576

0.8831

0.9474

0.8886λ

0.9586

0.8971

0.7924

0.6454

0.4856

0.3235

0.1919

0.1189

DO

0.1110

0.2079

0.3317

0.4902

0.6571

0.8030

0.9300

0.9985

0.8877λ

0.9999

0.9500

0.8418

0.6877

0.5275

0.3590

0.2242

0.1370

CENDO

0.0989

0.1853

0.3178

0.4758

0.6541

0.8093

0.9280

0.9988

0.8878λ

0.9991

0.9359

0.8127

0.6520

0.4881

0.3240

0.1885

0.1043

  1. Significant values are in [bold].
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