Table 1 Comparison of demographics and clinical characteristics of head injury patients (n = 350).

From: Systemic and cerebro-cardiac biomarkers following traumatic brain injury: an interim analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial of early administration of beta blockers

 

Troponin positive + propranolol (Gp-1; n = 110)

Troponin negative + propranolol (Gp-2; n = 129)

Troponin negative + placebo (Gp = 3; n = 111)

p value

Age in years†

34.5 (32.5–36.6)

35.8 (34.1–37.5)

33.9 (32.2–35.7)

0.34

Initial vitals at ED

 Heart rate†

90.0 (87.1–92.9)

87.1 (84.9–89.3)

85.5 (83.0–87.9)

0.04

 Systolic blood pressure†

126.7 (123.8–129.6)

129.8 (127–132.6)

126.4 (123.7–129.1)

0.15

 Diastolic blood pressure†

75.0 (73.1–76.9)

79.5 (77.6–81.4)

76.4 (74.6–78.1)

0.002

Mechanism of injury

 Traffic-related

59 (53.6%)

54 (41.9%)

33 (29.7%)

0.03 for all

 Pedestrian

12 (10.9%)

16 (12.4%)

14 (12.6%)

 Fall from height

34 (30.9%)

40 (31.0%)

50 (45.0%)

 Fall of heavy object

2 (1.8%)

4 (3.1%)

4 (3.6%)

 Assault

2 (1.8%)

7 (5.4%)

4 (3.6%)

 Others

1 (0.9%)

8 (6.2%)

6 (5.4%)

Head AIS†

3.5 (3.3–3.7)

3.1 (2.9–3.2)

3.3 (3.1–3.5)

0.01

Injury severity score†

22.9 (21.2–24.7)

15.9 (14.5–17.3)

17.5 (15.8–19.1)

0.001

Revised trauma score†

6.4 (6.1–6.7)

7.0 (6.8–7.3)

7.4 (7.2–7.6)

0.001

Severity of head injury*

 Mild

56 (50.9%)

90 (69.8%)

87 (78.4%)

0.001 for all

 Moderate

17 (15.5%)

17 (13.2%)

16 (14.4%)

 Severe

37 (33.6%)

22 (17.1%)

8 (7.2%)

Polytrauma

78 (70.9%)

64 (49.5%)

50 (45.0%)

0.001 for all

Isolated TBI

32 (29.1%)

65 (50.4%)

61 (55.0%)

ICP insertion

11 (10.0%)

3 (2.3%)

2 (1.8%)

0.004

Surgical interventions

31 (28.2%)

26 (20.2%)

28 (25.2%)

0.34

Blood transfusion

26 (23.6%)

10 (7.8%)

4 (3.6%)

0.001

TBI lesions

 Diffuse axonal injury

2 (1.8%)

1 (0.8%)

0 (0.0%)

0.33

 Subarachnoid hemorrhage

37 (33.6%)

46 (35.7%)

44 (39.6%)

0.63

 Subdural hematoma

26 (23.6%)

27 (20.9%)

24 (21.6%)

0.87

 Epidural hematoma

38 (45.5%)

50 (38.8%)

50 (45.0%)

0.27

 Brain contusion

70 (63.6%)

63 (48.8%)

53 (47.7%)

0.02

 Subgaleal hematoma

38 (45.5%)

50 (38.8%)

41 (36.9%)

0.97

Death

3 (2.7%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.20

GOSE at 3 months

7.24 (6.96–7.52)

7.70 (7.57–7.83)

7.70 (7.57–7.83)

0.05

  1. AIS Abbreviated injury score. GOSE Glasgow outcome scale extended (GOSE)
  2. †Data presented as mean, 95% Confidence intervals (CI).
  3. *Based on initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Glasgow outcome scale extended (GOSE)
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