Table 3 Comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokines and brain injury markers by severity of head injury (n = 350) based on the Glasgow coma scale (GCS).

From: Systemic and cerebro-cardiac biomarkers following traumatic brain injury: an interim analysis of randomized controlled clinical trial of early administration of beta blockers

 

Mild (n = 233)

Moderate (n = 50)

Severe (n = 67)

p value**

Routine laboratory

 HsTnT initial

12 (9.1 to 14.9)

11.6 (5.5 to 17.6)

27.5 (14.4 to 40.6)

0.001

 HsTnT (repeated after 6 h) (n = 303)

17.9 (10.6 to 25.1)

20.7 (9.7 to 31.8)

71.4 (30.5 to 112.4)

0.001

 Serum CRP (n = 339)

18.1 (14.0 to 22.2)

29.8 (17.4 to 42.2)

41.5 (26.5 to 56.4)

0.01

 Lactate (n = 343)

2.6 (2.3 to 2.8)

3.8 (2.7 to 4.9)

2.4 (2.1 to 2.7)

0.02

 Base deficit (n = 334)

 − 0.8 (− 1.3 to 0.2)

 − 4.1 (− 5.5 to 2.6)

 − 4.2 (− 4.9 to 3.3)

0.001

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

 Interleukin-6 (pg/ml)

  Baseline (on-admission)

81.2 (58.9 to 103.6)

117.4 (64.5 to 170.3)

144.5 (81.3 to 207.7)

0.001

  After 24 h†

75.8 (51.2 to 100.5)

91.9 (47.5 to 136.5)

111.9 (69.1 to 154.7)

0.003

  After 48 h††

90.7 (63.1 to 118.3)

84.6 (34.1 to 134.9)

78.1 (38.4 to 117.9)

0.07

  p value within the group*

0.001

0.004

0.001

 

 Interleukin-18 (pg/ml)

  Baseline (on-admission)

575.2 (510.8 to 639.6)

624.8 (502.7 to 746.8)

500.7 (409.9 to 591.5)

0.32

  After 24 h†

576.9 (495.1 to 657.3)

634.8 (503.1 to 766.5)

528.7 (432.3 to 625.1)

0.29

  After 48 h††

590.7 (501.6 to 679.9)

518.9 (422.7 to 615.2)

496.6 (368.7 to 624.5)

0.57

  p value within the group

0.001

0.01

0.005

 

 Interleukin-1β (pg/ml)

  Baseline (on-admission)

61.5 (45.9 to 77.1)

33.9 (19.9 to 47.7)

75.3 (25.5 to 125.2)

0.04

  After 24 h†

51.9 (36.2 to 67.7)

61.8 (17.6 to 106.0)

61.7 (27.9 to 95.5)

0.33

  After 48 h††

29.6 (24.8 to 34.4)

32.8 (15.9 to 49.7)

37.9 (14.9 to 60.9)

0.56

  p value within the group*

0.001

0.60

0.02

 

 Interleukin-8 (pg/ml)

  Baseline (on-admission)

429.3 (320.4 to 538.2)

297.9 (197.9 to 396.5)

273.8 (193.9 to 353.6)

0.21

  After 24 h†

398.4 (299.9 to 496.9)

379.9 (260.5 to 499.2)

410.2 (237.9 to 582.5)

0.74

  After 48 h††

392.7 (301.4 to 483.9)

355.8 (242.8 to 468.7)

354.5 (225.8 to 483.3)

0.49

  p value within the group*

0.009

0.80

0.25

 

 Epinephrine (pg/ml)

  Baseline (on-admission)

1308.7 (1148.1 to 1469.2)

1691.5 (1186.4 to 2196.5)

1810.5 (1335.2 to 2285.8)

0.40

  After 24 h†

1377.1 (1200.5 to 1553.2)

1529.8 (1027.2 to 2032.4)

1761.2 (1351.3 to 2171.1)

0.43

  p value within the group*

0.55

0.77

0.14

 

 Brain injury markers

  S-100B (pg/ml) at baseline

439.6 (351.1 to 324.9)

695.9 (422.9 to 968.8)

553.1 (287.6 to 818.5)

0.05

 Neuron-specific enolase (pg/ml)

  Baseline (on-admission)

19,253 (16,269 to 22,238)

23,116 (16,072 to 30,159)

24,174 (16,339 to 32,008)

0.40

  After 24 h†

16,295 (13,654 to 18,936)

16,689 (11,492 to 21,887)

22,977 (16,154 to 29,799)

0.54

  After 48 h††

15,459 (12,832 to 18,086)

18,424 (9329 to 27,518)

21,263 (15,076 to 27,450)

0.57

  p value within the group*

0.001

0.001

0.37

 
  1. *Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for K-related samples (p value determined by Friedman) to see significant differences within each group from baseline to 48 h within the group.
  2. **Mann–Whitney U tests (Kruskal–Wallis test) were used to see significant differences between the groups at each point of time.
  3. †After 24 h; data for all cytokines available in Gp-1 n = 229; Gp-2 n = 50 and Gp-3 n = 66.
  4. ††After 48 h; data for all cytokines available in Gp-1 n = 207; Gp-2 n = 49 and Gp-3 n = 65; data presented as mean, 95% CI.
Back to article page