Fig. 2
Validation of model-based runoff using the selected hydrological metrics (Table 1). The streamflow records were obtained from 19 stream gauges in the PMET-obs50 dataset. The Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE; a) is a metric that evaluates model performance by combining three error components: correlation (Pearson correlation; b) for capturing the linear relationship between observed and simulated data, bias (c) for assessing the systematic deviation between their means, and the coefficient of variation (d) for comparing the relative variability between observed and simulated data. For all metrics, the optimal value is one.
