Fig. 1

The Nam Dinh province of the RRDP. Contours show concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in groundwater. Line AB shows the location of the geological cross-section in Fig. 2; CD shows the location of the borehole logging section in Fig. 5; EF shows the location of transient electromagnetic measurements in Supplementary Information Fig. S1. Boreholes where groundwater was sampled are also indicated. Map background produced in MapInfo Pro 15.0 using data from National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation. Contours produced by Surfer v. 24.