Table 1 Demographics, clinical characteristics, and comparison between AF and no AF.

From: Impairment of health-related quality of life among people with type 2 diabetes and advanced liver fibrosis

Variable

Total cohort (n = 149)

No AF (n = 120, 80.5%)

AF (n = 29, 19.5%)

p-value

Effect sizes

n (% or IQR)

n (% or IQR)

n (% or IQR)

Cohen’s d or w

General characteristics

 Age in years

67.0 (59.0; 71.0)

67.0 (59.0; 71.0)

64.0 (58.5; 69.0)

0.150

0.345 S

 Time since diagnosis

11.0 (6.0; 18.5)

11.0 (5.3; 17.0)

12.0 (7.0; 21.5)

0.330

− 0.176 N

 Sex, female

55 (36.9)

42 (35)

13 (44.8)

0.325

0.081 N

 History of cancer

13 (8.7)

10 (8.3)

3 (10.3)

0.730

0.028 N

 Harmful alcohol consumption (AUDIT ≥ 8) n = 148

12 (8.1)

8 (6.7)

4 (14.3)

0.184

0.109 S

VCTE

 CAP (dB/m)

336 (280.5; 371.0)

327.5 (274.0; 368.8)

361.0 (301.5; 387.5)

0.043

 − 0.481 S

 SLD (CAP ≥ 275 dB/m)

116 (77.9)

89 (74.2)

27 (93.1)

0.028

0.181 S

 MASLD n = 147

104 (70.7)

81 (67.5)

23 (85.2)

0.068

0.151 S

 LSM (kPa)

7.2 (5.6; 10.9)

6.4 (5.3; 8.4)

18 (14.2; 20.5)

 < 0.001

 − 1.358 L

Metabolic comorbidities

 BMI (kg/m2)

31.8 (27.6; 35.5)

30.3 (27.1; 34.3)

35.3 (33.5; 42.2)

 < 0.001

 − 1.057 L

 Obesity (> 30 kg/m2)

89 (59.7)

62 (51.7)

27 (93.1)

0.001

0.335 M

 Waist circumference (cm)

110 (100.0; 123.5)

106.5 (99.0; 120.8)

124.0 (114.5; 138.0)

 < 0.001

 − 1.189 L

 Hyperlipidemia

93 (62.4)

75 (62.5)

18 (62.1)

0.966

0.056 N

 Arterial hypertension

134 (89.9)

106 (88.3)

28 (96.6)

0.187

0.108 S

 MetS

89 (59.7)

62 (51.7)

27 (93.1)

 < 0.001

0.335 M

Laboratory values

 GGT (U/l) n = 148

37.5 (26.3; 56.8)

34.0 (26.0; 48.0)

60.0 (37.0; 83.5)

 < 0.001

 − 0.518 M

 TG Triglycerides (mg/dl) n = 147

165 (112; 249)

162.5 (105.0; 245.3)

184.0 (119.5; 299.5)

0.158

 − 0.182 N

 TC (mg/dl) n = 148

190.0 (156.0; 219.8)

190.0 (155.0; 222.0)

189.0 (157.5; 213.5)

0.519

0.198 N

 Platelets (/nl) n = 148

221.0 (193.0; 226.3)

221.0 (193.0; 273.0)

218.0 (186.0; 247.0)

0.614

0.043 N

 HbA1c (%) n = 148

7.0 (6.5; 7.7)

6.9 (6.4; 7.6)

7.5 (6.7; 8.4)

0.031

− 0.418 S

T2DM-related comorbidities

 CVD

55 (36.9)

37 (30.8)

18 (62.1)

0.002

0.256 S

 CKD

49 (32.9)

41 (34.2)

8 (27.6)

0.498

 − 0.055 N

 Polyneuropathy

47 (31.5)

35 (29.2)

12 (41.4)

0.204

0.104 S

 Retinopathy

14 (9.4)

7 (5.8)

7 (24.1)

0.002

0.248 S

 DFS

19 (12.8)

13 (10.8)

6 (20.7)

0.153

0.117 S

T2DM-related medication

 Metformin

92 (61.7)

74 (61.7)

18 (62.1)

0.968

0.003 N

 Insulin

75 (50.3)

54 (45.0)

21 (72.4)

0.008

0.217 S

 SGLT2 inhibitor

22 (14.8)

15 (12.5)

7 (24.1)

0.113

0.130 S

 No treatment

16 (10.7)

15 (12.5)

1 (3.4)

0.158

 − 0.116 S

  1. AF advanced fibrosis, AUDIT alcohol use disorders identification test, VCTE vibration-controlled transient elastography, CAP controlled attenuation parameter, MASLD metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, LSM liver stiffness measurement, BMI body mass index, MetS metabolic syndrome, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, SLD steatotic liver disease, TG triglycerides, TC total cholesterol, CVD cardiovascular disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, DFS diabetic foot syndrome.
  2. Effect sizes: N, null; S, small; M, medium; L, large. Data are expressed as numbers, median, percentage (%), or interquartile ranges (IQR 25th; 75th).
  3. P-values refer to the comparison between no AF vs. AF. Boldface indicates statistical significance. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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