Table 1 Summary statistics of sample students and their family characteristics.

From: The association between visual impairment, educational outcomes, and mental health: insights from eyeglasses usage among junior high school students in rural China

Variable

Full sample

By visual impairment

Differences

N = 19,425

Normal vision

N = 12,204

Visual impairment with glasses

N = 3133

Visual impairment without glasses

N = 4088

Visual impairment with glasses vs normal vision

Visual impairment without glasses vs normal vision

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(3)–(2)

(4)–(2)

Mean (SD)

Coefficient (P-value)

Girl (1 = yes)

0.486 (0.499)

0.427 (0.494)

0.625 (0.484)

0.554 (0.497)

0.197 (< 0.001)

0.127 (< 0.001)

Hui ethnicity (1 = yes)

0.649 (0.477)

0.678 (0.466)

0.510 (0.499)

0.670 (0.470)

− 0.169 (< 0.001)

− 0.009 (0.299)

Rural residence (1 = yes)

0.936 (0.243)

0.940 (0.237)

0.920 (0.270)

0.939 (0.237)

− 0.019 (< 0.001)

− 0.000 (0.964)

Only child (1 = yes)

0.068 (0.251)

0.069 (0.254)

0.073 (0.260)

0.059 (0.236)

0.003 (0.501)

− 0.010 (0.028)

Grade (1 = seven)

0.495 (0.499)

0.523 (0.499)

0.390 (0.488)

0.489 (0.499)

− 0.133 (< 0.001)

− 0.035 (< 0.001)

Boarding at school (1 = yes)

0.354 (0.478)

0.345 (0.475)

0.360 (0.480)

0.376 (0.484)

0.015 (0.127)

0.031 (< 0.001)

Attending extracurricular classes (1 = yes)

0.113 (0.317)

0.114 (0.318)

0.124 (0.330)

0.103 (0.305)

0.010 (0.113)

− 0.010 (0.069)

Parents divorced (1 = yes)

0.097 (0.296)

0.100 (0.300)

0.082 (0.275)

0.099 (0.299)

− 0.018 (< 0.001)

− 0.001 (0.857)

Either parent migrated (1 = yes)

0.348 (0.476)

0.341 (0.474)

0.371 (0.483)

0.353 (0.478)

0.029 (< 0.001)

0.012 (0.173)

Grandparent as primary caregiver (1 = yes)

0.118 (0.323)

0.117 (0.322)

0.112 (0.316)

0.124 (0.329)

− 0.005 (0.437)

0.006 (0.285)

Father’s age (years)

41.343 (5.314)

41.343 (5.350)

41.231 (5.156)

41.431 (5.323)

− 0.112 (0.292)

0.088 (0.360)

Mother’s age (years)

38.674 (5.030)

38.653 (5.074)

38.755 (4.901)

38.677 (4.995)

0.103 (0.309)

0.025 (0.786)

Father’s education (years)

7.083 (3.202)

7.006 (3.221)

7.554 (2.977)

6.950 (3.282)

0.548 (< 0.001)

− 0.056 (0.339)

Mother’s education (years)

5.137 (4.015)

5.091 (3.992)

5.623 (4.048)

4.901 (4.026)

0.532 (< 0.001)

− 0.190 (< 0.009)

Household assets (1 = bottom third of sample)

0.333 (0.471)

0.336 (0.472)

0.273 (0.445)

0.368 (0.482)

− 0.063 (< 0.001)

0.032 (< 0.001)

  1. Source: Authors’ survey.
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