Table 2 Distribution of mental health, education aspiration, and academic performance of sample students.

From: The association between visual impairment, educational outcomes, and mental health: insights from eyeglasses usage among junior high school students in rural China

Variable

Full sample

By visual impairment

Differences

N = 19,425

Normal vision

N = 12,204

Visual impairment with glasses

N = 3133

Visual impairment without glasses

N = 4088

Visual impairment with glasses vs normal vision

Visual impairment without glasses vs normal vision

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(3)–(2)

(4)–(2)

Mean (SD)

Coefficient (P-value)

Panel A: Student mental health

 Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) total scores

12.605 (4.915)

12.604 (4.950)

12.253 (4.769)

12.876 (4.901)

− 0.351 (< 0.001)

0.272 (< 0.001)

 Internalizing score

6.453 (2.980)

6.416 (2.983)

6.344 (2.944)

6.648 (2.991)

− 0.072 (0.225)

0.232 (< 0.001)

 Externalizing score

6.151 (2.922)

6.188 (2.939)

5.909 (2.847)

6.227 (2.917)

− 0.279 (< 0.001)

0.040 (0.454)

 SDQ prevalence of abnormal scores

0.093 (0.290)

0.094 (0.292)

0.078 (0.268)

0.102 (0.303)

− 0.016 (0.006)

0.009 (0.107)

 Internalizing SDQ abnormality

0.151 (0.358)

0.150 (0.357)

0.138 (0.345)

0.161 (0.368)

− 0.012 (0.087)

0.011 (0.084)

 Externalizing SDQ abnormality

0.173 (0.378)

0.178 (0.383)

0.146 (0.353)

0.178 (0.382)

− 0.032 (< 0.001)

− 0.001 (0.937)

Panel B: Student education aspiration

 Very likely to take high school entrance exam

0.728 (0.444)

0.709 (0.454)

0.802 (0.398)

0.727 (0.445)

0.093 (< 0.001)

0.018 (0.024)

 Most likely to attend academic high school after junior high school

0.734 (0.442)

0.714 (0.451)

0.807 (0.394)

0.733 (0.442)

0.092 (< 0.001)

0.019 (0.020)

Most likely to attend vocation high school after graduation

0.208 (0.405)

0.221 (0.415)

0.155 (0.362)

0.208 (0.406)

− 0.065 (< 0.001)

− 0.013 (0.086)

 Most likely to work after junior high school

0.058 (0.234)

0.063 (0.244)

0.037 (0.188)

0.057 (0.233)

− 0.027 (< 0.001)

− 0.006 (0.169)

Panel C: Student standardized test score

 Math test scores, (standardized)

0.006 (0.995)

− 0.037 (0.989)

0.261 (0.980)

− 0.054 (0.992)

0.299 (< 0.001)

− 0.017 (0.337)

  1. Source: Authors’ survey.
Back to article page