Table 5 Binary logistic regression analysis concerning anxiety and the study variables with respect to gender and student status.

From: Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety among the Bangladeshi university entrance test-taking students using GIS technology

Variables	Total sample		Gender				Student status
	Total sample		Male		Female		Fresher test-taker		Repeat test-taker
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Socio-demographic variables
Gender
Male	1.52 (1.17–1.99)	0.002	–	–	–	–	1.68 (1.22–2.33)	0.002	1.17 (0.72–1.88)	0.518
Female	Reference	0.002	–	–	–	–	Reference	0.002	Reference	0.518
Permanent residence
Urban	1.68 (1.32–2.13)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.17–2.00)	0.002	2.16 (1.21–3.83)	0.008	1.70 (1.26–2.29)	< 0.001	1.52 (1.00–2.32)	0.048
Rural	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.002	Reference	0.008	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.048
Religion
Muslim	0.88 (0.64–1.21)	0.454	0.85 (0.60–1.21)	0.390	1.04 (0.49–2.17)	0.913	0.80 (0.54–1.18)	0.266	1.14 (0.66–1.98)	0.628
Others	Reference	0.454	Reference	0.390	Reference	0.913	Reference	0.266	Reference	0.628
Family type
Nuclear	0.91 (0.71–1.17)	0.495	1.01 (0.76–1.33)	0.946	0.64 (0.36–1.13)	0.126	0.83 (0.61–1.13)	0.246	1.18 (0.75–1.83)	0.461
Joint	Reference	0.495	Reference	0.946	Reference	0.126	Reference	0.246	Reference	0.461
Monthly income (BDT)
< 15,000	0.59 (0.43–0.82)	0.004	0.67 (0.47–1.35)	0.039	0.30 (0.12–0.74)	0.034	0.51 (0.34–0.77)	0.004	0.83 (0.47–1.45)	0.481
15,000–30,000	0.90 (0.65–1.23)		0.96 (0.69–1.35)		0.53 (0.21–1.33)		0.80 (0.54–1.19)		1.15 (0.67–1.97)
> 30,000	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Cigarette smoking status
Yes	1.55 (1.10–2.19)	0.011	1.89 (1.25–2.85)	0.002	1.14 (0.59–2.17)	0.692	1.54 (1.00–2.36)	0.048	1.46 (0.83–2.58)	0.187
No	Reference	0.011	Reference	0.002	Reference	0.692	Reference	0.048	Reference	0.187
Drug usage status
Yes	2.40 (1.42–4.06)	0.001	2.54 (1.42–4.54)	0.002	1.71 (0.47–6.23)	0.411	2.31 (1.22–4.36)	0.010	2.57 (0.99–6.67)	0.052
No	Reference	0.001	Reference	0.002	Reference	0.411	Reference	0.010	Reference	0.052
COVID-19 related information
Personal COVID-19 infection
Yes	2.06 (1.42–2.97)	< 0.001	2.33 (1.55–3.50)	< 0.001	0.98 (0.37–2.60)	0.979	1.65 (1.05–2.58)	0.028	3.51 (1.72–7.17)	0.001
No	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.979	Reference	0.028	Reference	0.001
Family/friend’s COVID-19 infection
Yes	1.56 (1.19–2.04)	0.001	1.56 (1.17–2.08)	< 0.001	0.98 (0.42–2.29)	0.976	1.63 (1.18–2.26)	0.003	1.38 (0.85–2.25)	0.186
No	Reference	0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.976	Reference	0.003	Reference	0.186
Family/friend’s COVID-19 death
Yes	1.98 (1.40–2.81)	< 0.001	2.15 (1.46–3.18)	< 0.001	1.39 (0.62–3.09)	0.418	1.97 (1.28–3.04)	0.002	1.84 (1.03–3.30)	0.039
No	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.418	Reference	0.002	Reference	0.039
Admission-related variables
Appearance in the admission test
Fresher	0.64 (0.51–0.81)	< 0.001	0.70 (0.54–0.90)	0.007	0.48 (0.29–0.81)	0.006	–	–	–	–
Repeat	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.007	Reference	0.006	–	–	–	–
Secondary School Certificate (SSC) grade point average
Poor (< 4.5)	0.86 (0.64–1.15)	0.001	0.82 (0.60–1.12)	< 0.001	1.11 (0.50–2.46)	0.707	0.92 (0.65–1.31)	0.002	0.78 (0.46–1.33)	0.300
Moderate	0.59 (0.46–0.77)		0.56 (0.42–0.75)		0.80 (0.40–1.59)		0.57 (0.41–0.79)		0.70 (0.44–1.11)
High (5)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) grade point average
Poor (< 4.5)	0.76 (0.52–1.11)	0.030	0.74 (0.50–1.11)	0.004	0.82 (0.28–2.41)	0.409	1.01 (0.63–1.60)	0.008	0.42 (0.22–0.83)	0.042
Moderate	0.71 (0.55–0.93)		0.63 (0.47–0.83)		1.50 (0.76–2.94)		0.60 (0.43–0.83)		0.90 (0.58–1.41)
High (5)	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Coached by professional coaching centers
No	0.95 (0.74–1.22)	0.729	0.97 (0.73–1.28)	0.849	0.88 (0.49–1.56)	0.672	0.86 (0.61–1.22)	0.414	0.79 (0.53–1.18)	0.262
Yes	Reference	0.729	Reference	0.849	Reference	0.672	Reference	0.414	Reference	0.262
Desired institute/department for admission
Varsity	0.55 (0.27–1.11)	0.001	0.45 (0.20–1.00)	0.003	1.13 (0.22–5.78)	0.168	0.86 (0.25–2.88)	0.246	0.51 (0.21–1.25)	0.001
Medical	1.00 (0.48–2.10)		0.78 (0.33–1.80)		2.42 (0.43–13.60)		1.24 (0.35–4.32)		1.39 (0.52–3.71)
Engineering	0.55 (0.24–1.24)		0.45 (0.18–1.13)		0.75 (0.08–6.95)		1.04 (0.28–3.86)		0.28 (0.08–1.00)
Agriculture	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Satisfied with previous mock tests
No	1.95 (1.53–2.49)	< 0.001	1.97 (1.51–2.58)	< 0.001	1.86 (1.05–3.28)	0.031	2.40 (1.77–3.24)	< 0.001	1.28 (0.84–1.97)	0.241
Yes	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.031	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	0.241
Average monthly expenditure (BDT)
< 5000	0.69 (0.46–1.04)	0.131	0.66 (0.43–1.03)	0.170	1.07 (0.35–3.28)	0.454	0.54 (0.33–0.89)	0.054	1.14 (0.55–2.38)	0.107
5000–10,000	0.96 (0.70–1.33)		0.90 (0.64–1.27)		1.62 (0.62–4.21)		0.74 (0.51–1.08)		1.77 (0.95–3.28)
> 10,000	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Educational background
Science	0.99 (0.65–1.50)	0.001	0.91 (0.57–1.45)	< 0.001	1.26 (0.48–3.32)	0.854	0.79 (0.48–1.30)	0.003	1.58 (0.74–3.38)	0.262
Arts	0.63 (0.41–0.98)		0.51 (0.31–0.84)		1.32 (0.49–3.55)		0.51 (0.30–0.86)		1.17 (0.52–2.66)
Commerce	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
Mental health problems
Anxiety
Yes	10.26 (7.73–13.60)	< 0.001	10.72 (7.71–14.91)	< 0.001	8.40 (4.80–14.73)	< 0.001	9.70 (6.92–13.59)	< 0.001	11.28 (6.71–18.97)	< 0.001
No	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

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Table 5 Binary logistic regression analysis concerning anxiety and the study variables with respect to gender and student status.

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