Fig. 4

Approximation of berry size evolution through time compared to modern wild and domestic grapes. Berry size and its temporal changes are inferred from the length of the archaeological pips (Supplementary Fig. 2) using length correction for charred pips and a linear model (Supplementary Fig. 3). The dots represent the median value and the ends of the bars the first and third quartiles. Temporal trends are represented using (a) mean dates BCE/CE and (b) archaeological periods, distinguishing the results from charred and waterlogged material. The values inferred for archaeological seeds are juxtaposed with (c) the measured berry volumes for 49 modern wild individuals, cultivated wild grapevines and wine and table varieties. Differences between consecutive periods were tested for waterlogged material using pairwise Wilcoxon tests: *. Only p-values < 0.001 are shown.