Table 8 Performance of the optimized RF using BFS, PSO, WAO, and GWO without preprocessing.

From: Orthopedic disease classification based on breadth-first search algorithm

Optimized RF models

Accuracy

Sensitivity (TRP)

Specificity (TNP)

F-score

Precision

AUC

Fitted time

BFS-RF

96.03

95.74

95.52

95.5

95.72

96.06

0.3252

PSO-RF

93.698

93.18

93.15

93.08

93.19

93.39

0.3564

WAO-RF

92.98

92.93

92.93

92.97

92.83

93.45

0.3682

GWO-RF

90.563

90.26

90.05

90.26

90.1

91.41

0.3928