Table 1 Composition and characterization parameters of the developed rutin loaded bilosomes.

From: Rutin loaded bilosomes for enhancing the oral activity and nephroprotective effects of rutin in potassium dichromate induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats

Formulae code

Molar ratio

EE% ± S.D

Drug loading ± S.D. (%)

VS ± S.D. (nm)

PDI ± S.D

ZP ± S.D. (mV)

Span 60

Span 40

Cholesterol

Sodium cholate

F1

1

–

1

0.25

36.84 ± 4.56

3.55 ± 0.31

646.6 ± 41

0.410 ± 0.025

 − 44.7 ± 7.84

F2

1

–

1

0.5

48.57 ± 3.57

4.63 ± 0.27

502.1 ± 36

0.351 ± 0.057

 − 47.3 ± 6.16

F3

–

1

1

0.25

21.07 ± 3.92

2.06 ± 0.13

665.1 ± 45

0.456 ± 0.069

 − 45.9 ± 9.18

F4

–

1

1

0.5

28.57 ± 3.14

2.77 ± 0.24

513.2 ± 39

0.412 ± 0.045

 − 50 ± 7.37

F5

2

–

1

0.25

23.92 ± 3.82

2.33 ± 0.19

603 ± 32

0.391 ± 0.055

 − 41.4 ± 7.27

F6

2

–

1

0.5

47.14 ± 0.71

4.50 ± 0.31

522 ±  ± 29

0.341 ± 0.039

 − 49 ± 10.5

F7

–

2

1

0.25

20.02 ± 2.85

1.96 ± 0.15

652 ± 35

0.490 ± 0.068

 − 47.3 ± 9.54

F8

–

2

1

0.5

22.14 ± 4.28

2.16 ± 0.28

566.3 ± 31

0.431 ± 0.074

 − 49.1 ± 10.9

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