Table 3 Input-output index system.

From: Spatiotemporal coupling analysis between green total factor productivity and urban e-commerce development in China’s eight urban clusters

Indictors

Indicator category

Indicator composition

References

Input indicators

Labor input

Number of employees in the unit at year-end

Feng et al. (2023)31

Capital input

Fixed asset investment

Desirable output

Economic benefit

Gross regional product(GDP)

Zhang and Guo (2024)20

Undesirable output

Environmental pollution composite index

Industrial wastewater discharge

Industrial sulfur dioxide emissions

Industrial carbon dioxide emissions

Industrial soot and dust emissions

Xu et al. (2023)32

Gilani and Hoseinzadeh (2021)33

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