Table 2 IV estimates of the effect of retirement on (dimensions of) loneliness by education.

From: The impact of retirement on loneliness in Europe

 

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Loneliness

Feeling isolated

Feeling left out

Lack companionship

Low educated

High educated

Low educated

High educated

Low educated

High educated

Low educated

High educated

Retired \({R}_{t}\)

0.015

0.209

-0.017

0.076*

-0.064

0.058

0.044

0.021

(short-term)

(0.191)

(0.150)

(0.061)

(0.046)

(0.064)

(0.055)

(0.085)

(0.070)

Retired \({R}_{t-1}\)

-0.190

-0.341***

-0.084

-0.125***

-0.009

-0.068

-0.116

-0.056

(long-term)

(0.161)

(0.124)

(0.056)

(0.035)

(0.059)

(0.048)

(0.082)

(0.069)

First stage

0.263***

0.275***

0.263***

0.275***

0.263***

0.275***

0.263***

0.275***

 

(0.029)

(0.021)

(0.029)

(0.021)

(0.029)

(0.021)

(0.029)

(0.021)

First-stage F

82.19

173.68

82.19

173.68

82.19

173.68

82.19

173.68

# Observations

17,444

21,954

17,444

21,954

17,444

21,954

17,444

21,954

# Individuals

8,722

10,977

8,722

10,977

8,722

10,977

8,722

10,977

  1. Note: Estimates of the effect of retirement in the short- and longer-term (separate regressions). Low (high) educated is defined as below (above) median years of education. All regressions include control variables from Eqs. (1) and (2). Standard errors clustered at the individual level and at the policy level (age*education*country) are in parentheses. *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.
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