Figure. 4

a. Presents a violin plot comparing the performance of different AI models in predicting vertebral fractures. Three strata of models are displayed: ‘Specialised ensemble models,’ ‘Deep learning models,’ and ‘Traditional machine learning models,’ with their respective AUROC scores. The width of each violin represents the distribution density of the AUROC scores, with wider sections indicating a higher frequency of scores in that range. The box within each violin shows the interquartile range, and the line within denotes the median AUROC score. b. presents a violin plot comparing the performance of different AI models in diagnosing non-pathological vertebral fractures. Four strata of models are displayed: ‘Probabilistic models,’ ‘Specialised ensemble models,’ ‘Deep learning models,’ and ‘Traditional machine learning models,’ with their respective AUROC scores. The width of each violin represents the distribution density of the AUROC scores, with wider sections indicating a higher frequency of scores in that range. The box within each violin shows the interquartile range, and the line within denotes the median AUROC score. c. presents a violin plot comparing the performance of different AI models in diagnosing OVFs. Two strata of models are displayed: ‘Specialised/ensemble deep learning models,’ and ‘Deep learning models,’ with their respective AUROC scores. The width of each violin represents the distribution density of the AUROC scores, with wider sections indicating a higher frequency of scores in that range. The box within each violin shows the interquartile range, and the line within denotes the median AUROC score. d. presents a violin plot comparing the performance of different AI models in diagnosing VCFs. Three strata of models are displayed: ‘Specialised ensemble models,’ ‘Deep learning models,’ and ‘Traditional machine learning models,’ with their respective AUROC scores. The width of each violin represents the distribution density of the AUROC scores, with wider sections indicating a higher frequency of scores in that range. The box within each violin shows the interquartile range, and the line within denotes the median AUROC score.