Table 1 LMM values (main and interactions effects) for sentences-level analysis (digital fixation duration, digital saccade length, number of digital fixations). Significant effects (absolute t value: ltl > 1.96, p < 0.05) are in bold. Utilizing Bonferroni adjustment with an adjusted α(Bonferroni) = 0.05/X, where X represents the number of comparisons contrasts from non-significant interactions are not reported.

Digital fixation duration

Stage

129.39

< 0.001

t1-t2

379.23

75.55

5.02

< 0.001

t1-t3

463.87

29.36

15.80

< 0.001

t2-t3

84.64

77.50

1.09

0.280

Decoding ability

9.29

0.003

good-poor

-146.89

48.19

-3.05

0.003

Unblurring window

37.71

< 0.001

large-small

141.24

23.00

6.14

< 0.001

Interaction effect

Stage * decoding ability

4.32

0.015

t1:good - poor

-263.62

53.62

-4.92

< 0.001

t2:good - poor

-132.99

118.68

-1.12

0.269

t3:good - poor

-44.06

57.76

-0.76

0.446

Stage * unblurring window

3.83

0.022

t1:large-small

218.85

30.34

7.21

< 0.001

t2:large-small

83.99

42.81

1.96

0.050

t3:large-small

120.86

44.87

2.69

0.007

Unblurring window * decoding ability

0.42

0.514

Stage * decoding ability * unblurring window

0.09

0.917

Digital saccade length

Stage

344.24

<0.001

t1-t2

-1.27

0.41

-3.11

0.004

t1-t3

-2.66

0.10

-26.22

<0.001

t2-t3

-1.39

0.41

-3.37

0.002

Decoding ability

0.56

0.457

good-poor

0.18

0.23

0.75

0.457

Unblurring window

92.19

<0.001

large-small

0.75

0.08

9.60

<0.001

Interaction effect

Stage * decoding ability

12.56

<0.001

t1:good - poor

-0.99

0.19

-5.11

<0.001

t2:good - poor

1.41

0.64

2.22

0.033

t3:good - poor

0.10

0.20

0.49

0.626

Stage * unblurring window

41.68

<0.001

t1:large-small

-0.05

0.10

-0.53

0.598

t2:large-small

0.68

0.14

4.76

<0.001

t3:large-small

1.62

0.16

10.41

<0.001

Unblurring window * decoding ability

16.05

<0.001

good: large-small

1.06

0.11

9.41

<0.001

poor: large-small

0.44

0.11

4.05

<0.001

Stage * decoding ability * unblurring window

2.51

0.081

t1:good: large-small

0.04

0.15

0.28

0.781

t1:poor: large-small

-0.15

0.20

-1.10

0.271

t2:good: large-small

1.10

0.33

5.46

<0.001

t2:poor: large-small

0.26

0.20

1.27

0.203

t3:good: large-small

2.04

0.22

9.02

<0.001

t3:poor: large-small

1.20

0.21

5.62

<0.001

Digital saccade length

Stage

344.24

< 0.001

t1-t2

-1.27

0.41

-3.11

0.004

t1-t3

-2.66

0.10

-26.22

< 0.001

t2-t3

-1.39

0.41

-3.37

0.002

Decoding ability

0.56

0.457

good-poor

0.18

0.23

0.75

0.457

Unblurring window

92.19

< 0.001

large-small

0.75

0.08

9.60

< 0.001

Interaction effect

Stage * decoding ability

12.56

< 0.001

t1:good - poor

-0.99

0.19

-5.11

< 0.001

t2:good - poor

1.41

0.64

2.22

0.033

t3:good - poor

0.10

0.20

0.49

0.626

Stage * unblurring window

41.68

< 0.001

t1:large-small

-0.05

0.10

-0.53

0.598

t2:large-small

0.68

0.14

4.76

< 0.001

t3:large-small

1.62

0.16

10.41

< 0.001

Unblurring window * decoding ability

16.05

< 0.001

good: large-small

1.06

0.11

9.41

< 0.001

poor: large-small

0.44

0.11

4.05

< 0.001

Stage * decoding ability * unblurring window

2.51

0.081

t1:good: large-small

0.04

0.15

0.28

0.781

t1:poor: large-small

-0.15

0.20

-1.10

0.271

t2:good: large-small

1.10

0.33

5.46

< 0.001

t2:poor: large-small

0.26

0.20

1.27

0.203

t3:good: large-small

2.04

0.22

9.02

< 0.001

t3:poor: large-small

1.20

0.21

5.62

< 0.001

Digital number of fixations

Stage

57.44

< 0.001

t1-t2

40.92

9.93

4.12

< 0.001

t2-t3

63.35

5.96

10.64

< 0.001

t1-t3

22.44

10.11

2.22

0.031

Decoding ability

7.03

0.010

Good-poor

-19.22

7.25

-2.65

0.010

Unblurring window

20.70

< 0.001

Large-small

-22.01

4.84

-4.55

< 0.001

Interaction effect

Stage * decoding ability

2.66

0.075

Stage * unblurring window

0.42

0.657

Unblurring window * decoding ability

0.03

0.855

Stage * decoding ability * unblurring window

0.21

0.809