Table 11 Power indices of PID-based AVR system after changes in different time constants.
Time constant | Percentage of change | Maximum overshoot (p.u.) | Rise time (seconds) | Settling time (seconds) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
\(\:{T}_{a}\) | –50% | 1.015 | 0.407 | 0.660 |
+ 50% | 1.143 | 0.357 | 2.036 | |
\(\:{T}_{e}\) | –50% | 1.006 | 0.361 | 0.954 |
+ 50% | 1.144 | 0.404 | 1.339 | |
\(\:{T}_{g}\) | –50% | 1.004 | 0.293 | 0.960 |
+ 50% | 1.106 | 0.425 | 1.454 | |
\(\:{T}_{s}\) | –50% | 1.061 | 0.367 | 1.017 |
+ 50% | 1.077 | 0.357 | 0.999 |
