Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression analysis identifying risk factors for premature mortality in dogs, comparing cases (death below breed-specific longevity threshold) and controls (death after threshold).

(Intercept)

–

–

0.16 (0.15–0.18)

− 1.83

0.05

<0.001

Sex

Male

3115 (51%)

10985 (50%)

–

–

–

–

Female

2939 (49%)

11120 (50%)

0.96 (0.90–1.03)

− 0.04

0.03

<0.001

Index of multiple deprivation (IMD)

1

1118 (18%)

3247 (15%)

–

–

–

–

2

1235 (20%)

4042 (18%)

0.90 (0.80–1.00)

− 0.11

0.06

<0.001

3

1424 (24%)

5028 (23%)

0.85 (0.77–0.95)

− 0.16

0.06

<0.001

4

1274 (21%)

5198 (24%)

0.77 (0.69–0.86)

− 0.26

0.06

<0.001

5

1003 (17%)

4590 (21%)

0.62 (0.55–0.70)

− 0.48

0.06

<0.001

Brachycephalic

No

5296 (87%)

19934 (90%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

758 (13%)

2171 (10%)

1.19 (1.07–1.32)

0.17

0.05

<0.001

Certain infectious or parasitic diseases

No

5173 (85%)

20955 (95%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

881 (15%)

1150 (5%)

1.36 (1.19–1.54)

0.30

0.07

<0.001

Neoplasms

No

5142 (85%)

21096 (95%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

912 (15%)

1009 (5%)

2.52 (2.25–2.83)

0.93

0.06

<0.001

Diseases of the blood or blood forming organs

No

5856 (97%)

22087 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

198 (3%)

18 (1%)

21.83 (13.07–36.46)

3.08

0.26

<0.001

Diseases of the Immune system

No

5822 (96%)

21751 (98%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

232 (4%)

354 (2%)

1.61 (1.30–1.99)

0.48

0.11

<0.001

Endocrine nutritional or metabolic diseases

No

5749 (95%)

21676 (98%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

305 (5%)

429 (2%)

1.56 (1.31–1.87)

0.45

0.09

<0.001

Mental behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders

No

5172 (85%)

21529 (97%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

882 (15%)

576 (3%)

5.69 (5.04–6.43)

1.74

0.06

<0.001

Diseases of the nervous system

No

5511 (91%)

21922 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

543 (9%)

183 (1%)

7.01 (5.79–8.48)

1.95

0.10

<0.001

Diseases of the visual system

No

5502 (91%)

21485 (97%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

552 (9%)

620 (3%)

1.41 (1.22–1.63)

0.34

0.08

<0.001

Diseases of the ear or mastoid process

No

5697 (94%)

21555 (98%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

357 (6%)

550 (2%)

1.40 (1.19–1.66)

0.34

0.09

<0.001

Diseases of the circulatory system

No

5807 (96%)

21892 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

247 (4%)

213 (1%)

2.15 (1.72–2.69)

0.77

0.11

<0.001

Diseases of the respiratory system

No

5497 (91%)

21838 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

557 (9%)

267 (1%)

5.60 (4.73–6.64)

1.72

0.09

<0.001

Diseases of the digestive system

No

5337 (88%)

21623 (98%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

717 (12%)

482 (2%)

4.42 (3.84–5.08)

1.49

0.07

<0.001

Diseases of the skin

No

5240 (87%)

20977 (95%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

814 (13%)

1128 (5%)

1.58 (1.38–1.80)

0.46

0.07

<0.001

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue

No

5047 (83%)

21171 (96%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

1007 (17%)

934 (4%)

2.40 (2.11–2.73)

0.87

0.07

<0.001

Diseases of the genitourinary system

No

5591 (92%)

21844 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

463 (8%)

261 (1%)

4.38 (3.66–5.24)

1.48

0.09

<0.001

Pregnancy childbirth or the puerperium

No

5991 (99%)

22091 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

63 (1%)

14 (1%)

5.91 (2.97–11.76)

1.78

0.35

<0.001

Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period

No

6005 (99%)

22102 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

49 (1%)

3 (1%)

21.62 (6.20–75.41)

3.07

0.64

<0.001

Developmental anomalies

No

5890 (97%)

22025 (99%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

164 (3%)

80 (1%)

2.03 (1.47–2.80)

0.71

0.17

<0.001

Injury poisoning or certain other consequences of external causes

No

5403 (89%)

21308 (96%)

–

–

–

–

Yes

651 (11%)

797 (4%)

1.85 (1.60–2.14)

0.62

0.07

<0.001