Table 1 Analysis of hematological measurements at rest using the mixed linear model.

From: The effect of long term astaxanthin supplementation on the antioxidant status of racing Arabian horses – preliminary study

Hematological measurement

Group

Time points at which hematological measurements were taken

Comparison between

Interaction between time and group

Time points (T0, T1-0, T2-0, T3-0)

Groups (A, C)

T0

T1-0

T2-0

T3-0

F-statistic (df1,df2)

p-value

F-statistic (df1,df2)

p-value

F-statistic (df1,df2)

p-value

RBC [T/L]

A

10.0 (9.0, 10.9)

9.9 (9.0, 10.9)

10.0 (9.0, 10.9)

9.9 (8.9, 10.8)

0.72 (3,37)

0.545

0.04 (1,37)

0.839

0.82 (3,37)

0.490

C

10.3 (9.5, 11.2)

10.3 (9.4, 11.1)

9.6 (8.6, 10.6)

10.1 (9.1, 11.0)

RSE

0.55

0.58

0.30

0.35

HGB [g/dl]

A

14.7 (13.5, 15.9)

14.8 (13.7, 16.0)

14.8 (13.6, 16.0)

14.6 (13.4, 15.8)

0.70 (3,37)

0.560

1.22 (1,37)

0.729

0.67 (3,37)

0.577

C

15.2 (14.1, 16.3)

15.4 (14.3, 16.4)

14.4 (13.1, 15.6)

14.9 (13.8, 16.1)

RSE

0.79

0.86

0.41

0.58

HCT [%]

A

42 (39, 45)

41 (38, 44)

41 (38, 44)

40 (37, 44)

1.10 (3,37)

0.361

0.11 (1,37)

0.742

0.54 (3,37)

0.661

C

43 (40, 46)

42 (39, 45)

40 (36, 43)

42 (38, 45)

RSE

2.6

3.0

1.3

1.6

PLT [G/l]

A

187 (161, 213)

147 (121, 173)

82 (55, 110)

174 (146, 202)

24.86 (3,37)

 < 0.001*

1.33 (1,37)

0.256

1.49 (3,37)

0.233

C

175 (151, 199)

113 (89, 137)

95 (64, 125)

149 (122, 177)

RSE

20.3

30.5

17.4

19.7

WBC [G/l]

A

10.0 (9.1, 10.9)

8.9 (8.1, 9.8)

9.3 (8.3, 10.2)

9.4 (8.5, 10.4)

1.19 (3,37)

0.327

0.11 (1,37)

0.740

0.65 (3,37)

0.586

C

9.5 (8.7, 10.3)

9.4 (8.6, 10.2)

9.0 (7.9, 10.0)

9.3 (8.3, 10.2)

RSE

0.85

1.06

0.68

0.42

NEU [G/l]

A

4.9 (4.1, 5.7)

4.6 (3.8, 5.4)

4.8 (4.0, 5.6)

4.6 (3.8, 5.4)

0.08 (3,37)

0.972

2.36 (1,37)

0.133

0.72 (3,37)

0.549

C

4.0 (3.3, 4.7)

4.1 (3.4, 4.8)

3.9 (3.0, 4.7)

4.3 (3.5, 5.1)

RSE

0.60

0.63

0.59

0.40

LYM [G/l]

A

4.3 (3.7, 4.8)

3.6 (3.1, 4.2)

3.8 (3.2, 4.4)

4.0 (3.4, 4.6)

3.70 (3,37)

0.020*

3.26 (1,37)

0.079

1.07 (3,37)

0.373

C

4.8 (4.3, 5.3)

4.5 (4.0, 5.0)

4.3 (3.7, 4.9)

4.3 (3.7, 4.8)

RSE

0.35

0.51

0.19

0.24

MON [G/l]

A

0.60 (0.51, 0.69)

0.55 (0.46, 0.64)

0.50 (0.40, 0.60)

0.51 (0.41, 0.61)

2.07 (3,37)

0.121

0.04 (1,37)

0.839

1.28 (3,37)

0.297

C

0.53 (0.44, 0.61)

0.56 (0.48, 0.65)

0.53 (0.43, 0.63)

0.49 (0.40, 0.59)

RSE

0.061

0.047

0.080

0.049

EOS [G/l]

A

0.18 (0.11, 0.24)

0.12 (0.06, 0.19)

0.14 (0.07, 0.21)

0.26 (0.19, 0.33)

4.03 (3,37)

0.014*

4.53 (1,37)

0.040*

1.07 (3,37)

0.375

C

0.12 (0.06, 0.18)

0.09 (0.03, 0.15)

0.09 (0.01, 0.16)

0.13 (0.06, 0.20)

RSE

0.035

0.021

0.043

0.111

BAS [G/l]

A

0.05 (0.03, 0.07)

0.08 (0.06, 0.10)

0.07 (0.05, 0.09)

0.07 (0.05, 0.09)

5.53 (3,37)

0.003*

0.01 (1,37)

0.991

1.10 (3,37)

0.360

C

0.06 (0.05, 0.08)

0.08 (0.06, 0.10)

0.06 (0.04, 0.08)

0.08 (0.06, 0.10)

RSE

0.011

0.016

0.008

0.013

  1. Hematological measurements are presented as the estimated marginal means with 95% confidence intervals (CI 95%) in parentheses and residual standard error (RSE). Hematological measurements were performed in April just before the beginning of intensive training sessions and astaxanthin supplementation (T0), and then monthly before the intensive training session (pre-session) – in May (after 1 month of training, T1-0), June (after 2 months of training, T2-0), and in July (after 3 months of training, T3-0).
  2. A – astaxanthin group, C – control group, RBC – red blood cell count, HGB – hemoglobin concentration, HCT – hematocrit, PLT – platelet count, WBC – white blood cell count, NEU – neutrophil count, LYM – lymphocyte count, MON – monocyte count, EOS – eosinophil count, BAS – basophil count, RSE – residual standard error, df1 – degrees of freedom associated with the among-group sum of squares, df2 – degrees of freedom associated with the within-group (error) sum of squares.
  3. *Significant at α = 0.05.
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