Table 1 Coastal vulnerability assessments and parameters used for diverse global geographical locations in the last 10 years (2015–2024).

Multi-criteria evaluation approach to coastal vulnerability index development in micro-tidal low-lying areas⁴⁸

Lithuania, Europe

Historical shoreline change rate, Beach width and height, Underwater slope and sand bars, Beach sediments, Mean significant wave height

Coastal vulnerability assessment of the predicted sea level rise in the coastal zone of Krishna–Godavari delta region, Andhra Pradesh, east coast of India⁶⁶

Andhra Pradesh, India (Asia)

Regional slope, coastal elevation, geomorphology, significant wave height, mean tidal range and relative sea level

Assessment of vulnerability for coastal erosion with GIS and AHP techniques case study: Southern coastline of Sri Lanka⁶⁷

Southern coastline of Sri Lanka, (Asia)

Slope, geomorphology, erosion rate, dune width, tide direction, tidal range, wave height

Assessing coastal vulnerability: Development of a combined physical and economic index⁵

United Kingdom

Beach and dune width, coastal slope, distance of vegetation, distance of building behind the back beach, rocky outcrop, sea defences, commercial and residential properties, economic value of site, population, coastal erosion and flood impact

Assessment of the Coastal Vulnerability Index in an Area of Complex Geological Conditions on the Krk Island, Northeast Adriatic Sea⁶⁸

Croatian Eastern Adriatic Coast, Europe

Coastal slope, beach width, and significant wave height

Assessment of the coastal vulnerability to sea level rise: Sultanate of Oman⁶⁹

Sultanate of Oman, Arabia

Coastal geomorphology, elevation, slope, tidal range and bathymetry of the nearshore zone

Development of a Multi-Dimensional Coastal Vulnerability Index: Assessing vulnerability to inundation scenarios in the Italian coast⁷⁰

Italian coast, Europe

Elevation, distance from coastline, shoreline evolution trend, sensible segments of the population, GDP, land use patterns

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment: A Case Study of the Nigerian Coastline⁷¹

Nigeria, Africa

Coastal slope, bathymetry, geomorphology, wave height, mean tidal

range, shoreline change rate and relative sea-level rise, population, cultural heritage, land use/land cover and road network

Toward an Integrated Probabilistic Coastal Vulnerability Assessment: A Novel Copula-Based Vulnerability Index⁷²

South Carolina, United States of America

Coastal hazard events, hurricane track density, land use, sea-level rise, surge height, distance from coast, cost of fatalities

An integrated approach to the spatial distribution of the coastal infrastructure vulnerability by using coastal vulnerability index and hot spot analysis: a case study of Kusadasi-Selcuk⁷³

Kusadasi-Selcuk, Turkey

Geomorphology, coastal slope, relief, mean seal level, mean tide range, mean wave high, shoreline erosion and accretion