Table 9 Combined physical and socio-economic coastal vulnerability studies and used parameters: comparison of global studies with the current study.

Integrated coastal vulnerability assessment: A methodology for coastal cities management integrating socioeconomic, physical and environmental dimensions—Case study of Região dos Lagos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil¹⁰³

Região dos Lagos, Brazil

This paper evaluated the integrated physical, socioeconomic and ecosystem dimensions of coastal vulnerability at the regional scale by using different physical and socio-economic parameters.

Back beach features, dunes, coastal elevation and population

Vulnerability assessment of coastal areas to sea level rise from the physical and socioeconomic parameters: case of the Gulf Coast of Bejaia, Algeria¹⁰⁴

Gulf Coast of Bejaia, Algeria

This paper assessed the coastal vulnerability in both physical and socio-economic aspects by using both physical and socio-economic aspects.

Coastal slope, and population

Coastal vulnerability assessment: a case study of Samut Sakhon coastal zone⁹⁶

Samut Sakhon, Thailand

This study used four physical variables and four socio-economic variables to assess the coastal vulnerability of the Samut Sakhon coastal zone.

Coastal slope, and population density

Erosion Hazard Vulnerability of US Coastal Counties¹⁰⁵

United States

This study examined the coastal vulnerability of US coastal counties by combining a socioeconomic and physical variable.

Coastal slope, and population

How to Define Priorities in Coastal Vulnerability Assessment¹⁰⁶

Apulian region city of Barletta, Italy

This study considered both physical and socio-economic variables.

Coastal elevation/slope, and population

Assessing coastal vulnerability: Development of a combined physical and economic index⁵

Selected regions in the United Kingdom

This study evaluated the coastal vulnerability of 11 coastal areas in the UK by using both physical and economic parameters in 2018.

Beach width, dune width, coastal slope, distance of vegetation, a distance of built structures behind the back beach, rocky outcrop, sea defences, commercial properties, residential properties, the economic value of the site, population, coastal erosion, and flood (event) impact

Development of an Integrated Coastal Vulnerability Index for the Ivorian Coast in West Africa⁵⁰

Ivorian Coast West Africa

This study assessed the coastal vulnerability of the Ivorian coast by using both physical and socio-economic variables.

Coastal slope, and population

Assessment of the integrated coastal vulnerability index of Ghana toward future coastal infrastructure investment plans⁶³

Ghana

This study evaluated the coastal vulnerability of Ghana by using both physical and social variables.

Coastal slope, and population

A multi-hazards coastal vulnerability index of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia⁴⁹

Malaysia

This study evaluated the coastal vulnerability of Peninsular Malaysia by considering physical and socio-economic variables.

Vegetation, coastal slope, and population density

Coastal vulnerability to climate change in China’s Bohai Economic Rim⁹⁷

Coast of Bohai Economic Rim, China

This research study evaluated the Bohai Economic Rim coastal vulnerability by using physical, and socioeconomic variables.

Population

Vulnerability Assessment of English and Welsh Coastal Areas (Current Study)

United Kingdom

This study assessed UK coastal regions (three selected case studies) by using physical and economic parameters.

Beach width, dune width, coastal slope, distance of vegetation, a distance of built structures behind the back beach, sea defences, commercial properties, residential properties, the economic value of the site, and population