Table 6 Cross-validation results for the VGG-16 base and support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier, separated by class and evaluated at extraction rates of 1 and 3 frames per second (FPS). In subject-wise (SW) 10-fold cross-validation, the model is trained on one subset and tested on another, with no overlap between training and testing subjects. We repeatedly trained on 33 goats and tested on five (three painful and two non-painful). Results represent mean ± SD of the eight closest models.

From: Automated acute pain prediction in domestic goats using deep learning-based models on video-recordings