Fig. 6

(a) Sensogram of ligand immobilization steps on sensor surface using the amine coupling method. (b) Sensogram of bacteria injections through the surface from lowest to highest concentrations. Between each injection, PBS was used to wash the surface. (c) Optical image of attached single E. coli K12 cell on gold surface after the final washing step with PBS. (d) The position of the resonance wavelength for each concentration of bacteria and calculated quadratic fit with high correlation of \(\hbox {R}^2\) = 0.98.