Table 1 Demographic and psychometric data.

Parameter	MDD (N = 21)	HC (N = 23)	p-value
ICD-10 diagnosis: F32.2/F33.2	12 (57%)/9 (43%)	‒	‒
Sex: female/male	17 (81%)/4 (19%)	18 (78%)/5 (22%)	0.562 (ns)#
Age in years	29 (21,36); 19‒61	32 (23,36); 21‒61	0.651 (ns)#
Visual acuity as logMAR	− 0.08 (− 0.17, − 0.03); − 0.22‒0.09	− 0.14 (− 0.19, − 0.10); − 0.29‒0.05	0.125 (ns)#
Antidepressant medication yes/no	13 (62%)/8 (38%)	‒	‒
Days of antidepressant medication	7 (4,11); 1‒14	‒	‒
Antidepressant medication:		‒	‒
SSRI	1 (5%)	‒	‒
SNRI	2 (9%)	‒	‒
Mirtazapine	4 (18%)	‒	‒
SSRI + Mirtazapine	4 (18%)	‒	‒
SNRI + Mirtazapine	2 (9%)	‒	‒
MADRS	36⁺ (35, 40); 28‒45	‒	‒
BDI-II	29 (25, 40); 14‒53	2⁺ (1, 6); 0‒11	< 0.001 (*)#
AQ	20 (16, 22); 9‒28	22⁺ (19, 25); 16‒27	0.219 (ns)#
EQ	44 (41, 49); 29‒52	47⁺ (45, 49); 38‒59	0.070 (ns)#
WURS-k	8 (3, 13); 0‒42	5⁺ (2, 11); 0‒30	0.522 (ns)#
Smoking: yes/no	3 (14%)/18 (86%)	4 (17%)/19 (83%)	0.627(ns)#
FTND	N = 3: 3 (2, 4); 2‒4	N = 4: 2 (1, 2); 1‒3	0.403 (ns)#
Coffein intake	2 (1, 3); 0‒3	3 (1, 3); 0‒3	0.561 (ns)#
Alcohol intake	1 (1, 2); 0‒3	2 (1, 2); 1‒2	0.200 (ns)#

Numerical data are summarized by the median (1st and 3rd quartiles) and the range (min‒max), categorial data are depicted as the number of observations. Categorical data from both groups were compared using (X²) testing for independence. The differences in medians between MDD and HC were used for numerical data. Statistical comparisons and p-value computation were all based on permutation tests (10,000 replicates).
MDD major depressive disorder, HC healthy controls, N number of participants, ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems version 10, F32.2 severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms (ICD-10), F33.2 recurrent depressive disorder, current episode severe without psychotic symptoms (ICD-10), ns not significant, # no FDR adjustment, SNRI serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (venlafaxine), MADRS Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale¹⁷, ⁺1 missing data set, BDI-II Beck Depression Inventory II¹⁸, *Significant, AQ Autism Spectrum Quotient¹⁹, EQ Empathy Quotient²⁰, WURS-k Wender Utah Rating Scale²¹, FTND Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence²⁴; coffein and alcohol intake was rated as: never = 0, rarely = 1, occasionally = 2, daily = 3.

Search