Fig. 5

ROC curves of the deep learning system on the internal dataset. The class 0 denotes mild regurgitation, the class 1 denotes moderate regurgitation, and the class 2 denotes severe regurgitation. The ROC curves indicates that the AUCs for the deep learning system in predicting mild, moderate, and severe regurgitation in the internal dataset are 0.88, 0.84, and 0.89, respectively. All AUCs exceed 0.8, underscoring the system’s efficacy in internal validation experiments.