Table 1 Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and laboratory test indices of patients were stratified into two groups: those with VAP and those without VAP.

From: Major alteration of lung microbiome and the host responses in critically ill COVID-19 patients with high viral load

Characteristic

All

n = 36

VAP baseline

n = 24

No-VAP baseline

n = 12

p-value

VAP follow-up

n = 25

No VAP follow-up

n = 11

p-value

Demographic

 Male. N (%)

22 (61)

14 (58)

8 (66)

0.90

14 (56)

7 (63)

1

 Age. Median (IQR)

56.0 (49.7–64.2)

57.5 (50.0-64.2)

54.5 (47.7–61.5)

0.51

57.5 (50.0-64.2)

54.0(46.5–64.0)

0.54

Comorbid conditions. N (%)

 Anemia

1 (2.8)

0 (0)

1 (8.3)

0.71

0 (0)

1 (9.1)

0.68

 Cancer

1 (2.8)

1 (4.2)

0 (0)

1

1 (4.0)

0 (0)

1

 Diabetes mellitus

2 (5.6)

1 (4.2)

1 (8.3)

1

1 (4.0)

1 (9.1)

1

 Coronary disease

1 (2.8)

1 (4.2)

0 (0)

1

1 (4.0)

0 (0)

1

 COPD

1 (2.8)

1(4.2)

0 (0)

1

1 (4.0)

0 (0)

1

 Arterial hypertension

12 (33.3)

10 (41.7)

2 (16.7)

0.26

10 (40.0)

2 (18.2)

0.32

 Obesity

9 (25.0)

6 (25.0)

3 (25.0)

1

6 (24.0)

3 (27.3)

1

 No background

18 (50.0)

12 (50.0)

6 (50.0)

1

12 (48.0)

5 (45.5)

1

Physiological variables during the first 24 h of admission. Median (IQR)

 Heart rate. BPM

93.5 (77.2–106.0)

85.5 (73.5-103.5)

98.0 (90.7-125.5)

0.07

83.5 (63.7–99.0)

82.0 (67.0–87.0)

1

 Respiratory rate. RPM

24.0 (20.0–30.0)

24.0 (20.0-25.7)

24.5 (20.0–40.0)

0.31

24.0 (20.0-24.2)

24.0 (20.0–24.0)

0.91

 Temperature. °C

36.6 (36.5–36.9)

36.5 (36.5–36.9)

36.9 (36.4–37.0)

0.28

36.9 (36.6–37.5)

37.0 (37.0-37.4)

0.22

 SBP. mmHg

118.0 (105.0-134.2)

119.5 (107.5-133.2)

115.0 (101.5-137.8)

0.76

128.0 (117.8-144.5)

126.0 (105.5-146.5)

0.63

 DBP. mmHg

65.5 (58.7–73.2)

66.0 (59.5–73.2)

65.5 (57.0-69.5)

0.67

66.0 (60.2–72.5)

71.0 (65.0-78.5)

0.27

 PAM. mmHg

84.3 (75.2–89.5)

85.5 (75.2–89.5)

83.1 (73.7–88.5)

0.62

86.8 (81.2–98.1)

90.6 (81.5–94.8)

0.80

 SPO2. (%)

85.5 (80.7–90.0)

84.0 (80.0–90.0)

90.0 (81.0-93.7)

0.12

90.0 (87.5–92.0)

90.0 (84.5–92.0)

0.97

 Glasgow Coma Scale

8.5 (6.0–15.0)

8.0 (6.0–15.0)

14.0 (6.0–15.0)

0.68

6.0 (6.0-6.2)

6.0 (6.0–7.0)

0.96

Laboratory variables at admission. Median (IQR)

 WBC, cell × 103

10.7 (8.10–14.0)

9.9 (7.1–13.0)

13.0 (11.0-16.5)

0.06

9.4 (7.9–13.5)

12.9 (9.4–16.9)

0.39

 Neutrophiles, (%)

85.5 (80.7–90.2)

86.5 (81.0-90.5)

82.5 (79.7–89.5)

0.34

84.0 (81.7–90.2)

89.0 (80.0–92.0)

0.48

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.8 (13.8–16.0)

14.8 (13.9–16.0)

14.8 (13.5–16.0)

0.91

12.5 (11.2–14.0)

11.6 (11.1–12.0)

0.13

 Platelet, cell x 103

230.0 (180.0-280)

226.5 (150.0-252.5)

275.0 (205.8-356.8)

0.02

200.0 (167.5-252.5)

243.0 (189.30–315.0)

0.31

 Creatinine, mg/dL

0.9 (0.8–1.1)

1.0 (0.9–1.4)

0.8 (0.7–0.9)

0.04

1.3 (0.9–2.2)

0.8 (0.7–1.4)

0.10

 BUN, mg/dL

20.0 (15.0–26.0)

22.5 (16.2–29.7)

15.0 (13.0–18.0)

0.01

32.5 (22.7–45.0)

24.0 (18.0-41.5)

0.27

 Blood glucose, mg/dL

142.0 (124.5–185.0)

145.0 (129.2–180.0)

142.0 (121.0-210.0)

0.98

150.0 (130.0-180.0)

150.0 (150.0-170.0)

0.71

 Sodium, mEq/L

139.0 (136.8-140.2)

139.0 (137.5-140.5)

139.0 (136.0-139.0)

0.78

144.0 (139.8-145.2)

145.0 (143.0-147.5)

0.18

 Potassium, mEq/L

4.3 (4.0-4.5)

4.3 (4.1–4.6)

4.2 (4.0-4.5)

0.50

4.8 (4.2–5.2)

4.2 (4.1–4.8)

0.22

 pH

7.31 (7.20–7.41)

7.33 (7.20–7.41)

7.25 (7.17–7.38)

0.62

7.34 (7.20–7.42)

7.42 (7.30–7.45)

0.24

 PCO2, mmHg

46.0 (34.0-58.2)

45.0 (34.0-53.2)

57.5 (34.0-65.2)

0.38

46.5 (43.0-54.5)

46.0 (44.5–53.0)

0.78

 PaO2, mmHg

68.5 (59.0-75.2)

64.5 (59.0–73.0)

79.0 (65.5–89.7)

0.04

64.0 (60.2–66.0)

59.0 (57.0-67.5)

0.83

FiO2

70.0 (45.0–90.0)

80.0 (45.0-91.2)

52.5 (43.7–82.5)

0.27

40.0 (39.2–48.2)

40.0 (35.0-52.5)

0.66

 HCO3, mmol/L

24.0 (20.1–26.0)

23.5 (19.7–26.0)

24.0 (21.7–27.0)

0.55

26.0 (21.0-29.2)

30.0 (27.5–31.0)

0.13

 Acid lactic, mmol/L

1.4 (1.1–2.1)

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

1.3 (1.1–1.7)

0.46

1.3 (1.0-1.8)

1.1 (0.9–1.2)

0.31

Outcomes. Median (IQR)

 Length of stay in ICU, days (IQR)

8.0 (4.0–14.0)

15.0 (9.0–24.0)

6.0 (3.0–11.0)

< 0.01

15.0 (9.0–24.0)

10.0 (6.0-13.5)

< 0.01

 Length of stay in the hospital, days (IQR)

13.0 (7.0–29.0)

29.0 (12.0-48.5)

11.0 (4.0–18.0)

< 0.01

29 (12.0-48.5)

15.0 (10.5–22.5)

0.02

 Intubation time, days (IQR)

5.0 (3.0–9.0)

9.0 (7.0–14.0)

3.0 (2.0–5.0)

< 0.01

9.0 (7.0–14.0)

6.0 (5.0-8.5)

<0.01

 Hospital Mortality (%)

30 (83.3)

19 (79.2)

11 (91.7)

0.63

19 (76.0)

10 (90.9)

0.70

 Mortality 28d (%)

30 (83.3)

19 (79.2)

11 (91.7)

0.63

19 (76.0)

10 (90.9)

0.70

 Mortality 90d (%)

31 (86.1)

20 (83.3)

11 (91.7)

0.86

20 (80.0)

10 (90.9)

0.94

Scores. Median (IQR)

 SOFA

8.0 (7.0–9.0)

8.0 (7.2-9.0)

8.0 (6.0–9.0)

0.01

9.0 (7.0–10.0)

9.0 (7.0–10.0)

0.85

 APACHE

15.0 (10.0–20.0)

17.0 (14.0-23.2)

14.0 (9.0-19.2)

0.01

17.0 (14.0–19.0)

14.0 (11.0–20.0)

0.10

 CPIS

2.0 (10.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–5.0)

0.30

3.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0-2.30)

< 0.01

  1. VAP: ventilator-associated pneumonia, N: number, IQR: interquartile range, BPM: beats per minute, SPO2: peripheral oxygen saturation, COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, WBC: white blood cells, PCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen, FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen, HCO3: bicarbonate, ICU: intensive care unit, SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment, APACHE: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation, CPIS: clinical pulmonary infection score.
  2. Significance value bold.
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