Table 1 Summary of relevant theories and literature.

Conceptual

framework

Built environment–travel behaviour (BE-TB)

Ewing, R. & Cervero, R⁷, Handy et al.¹⁰., Ma, L. & Cao, J¹⁴,

Zhou et al.¹¹.

These studies have validated a strong correlation between the built environment (such as density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and perceptions mediating) and travel behaviour.

Consumer behaviour model

Schiffman, L. G., & Wisenblit, J³⁰.

This model comprises three key components: external influences affecting the consumer (including environmental factors and marketing stimuli), the consumer (encompassing internal characteristics and the decision-making process), and outcomes (manifested as consumer behaviours).

Research

hypotheses

Consumer perceived value

Jillian C. Sweeney, Geoffrey N. Soutar⁴⁶

Perceived consumer value is primarily influenced by three dimensions: the functional dimension (economic and quality aspects), the social dimension, and the emotional dimension.

Theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

Ajzen⁴⁹

In the TPB, perceived behavioural control (PBC)—the ease or difficulty of performing a behaviour—can moderate the relationship between attitude and intention, as well as between intention and behaviour.

Social cognitive theory

Bandura, Albert⁵⁰

This theory emphasises reciprocal causation through the interplay of cognitive, behavioural, and environmental factors.

Sophisticated stimulus–organism–response (SOR) model

Sherman, E., Mathur, A., & Smith, R. B⁵²

This study applies the SOR framework to a commercial context, explaining how environmental characteristics influence behaviour by stimulating individuals’ attitudes and emotions.